5 Was there a general crisis of government in the last years of Elizabeth I's reign, 1589-1603

What was the main issue in the Anglo-Spanish conflict?

The revolt in the Netherlands against Spanish Catholic rule.

What event marked the beginning of the war with Spain?

England sent military help to the Netherlands in 1585.

What was the significance of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

The Spanish Armada failed, marking a turning point in the conflict.

What was Elizabeth's preferred military strategy?

A defensive strategy to protect English trading interests.

What was the outcome of the Spanish intervention in the French Wars of Religion?

It aimed to support the Catholic League against Protestant Henry IV.

How did Elizabeth respond to the threat of Spanish control in Europe?

She sent financial and military aid to Henry IV of France.

What was the impact of the war on England's resources?

It stretched English resources and led to domestic issues for Elizabeth's government.

What was the outcome of the English military expeditions in the New World?

Many expeditions were unsuccessful due to lack of coordination and resources.

What was the significance of the 1595 Spanish troops landing in Ireland?

They were defeated, indicating the ongoing threat of Spanish intervention.

What were the consequences of the prolonged war with Spain?

It undermined England's social and economic stability.

What did the defeat of the Armada in 1588 lead to?

Celebration in England, but Spain continued to rebuild its navy.

What was the role of privateers in the conflict?

They were encouraged to loot Spanish ships but were often uncoordinated.

What happened during the 1596 and 1597 Armadas?

They were destroyed by weather, not by English forces.

What was the financial impact of English military campaigns?

They were costly and led to insufficient funds for decisive challenges.

What was the significance of Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism?

It led to a truce with the Catholic League and changed the dynamics of the war.

What was the outcome of the English intervention in the Netherlands?

The Dutch had major successes against Spanish troops.

What was the joint-stock approach to warfare?

It involved funding from the queen, nobility, and wealthy merchants, prioritizing profits.

What did Elizabeth's cautious approach to military expeditions result in?

English military expeditions never fully achieved their aims.

What was the significance of the English troops sent to support Henry IV?

It helped restore balance in Europe against Spanish dominance.

What was the impact of the Spanish threat on English attitudes?

It led to invasion scares and panic in England.

What was the outcome of the 1591 siege of Spanish-held Rouen?

It was part of the English military efforts but did not achieve significant success.

What was the role of the Earl of Essex in the conflict?

He led military campaigns but often acted against Elizabeth's orders.

What was the significance of the 1598 peace treaty between France and Spain?

England was excluded from the treaty, continuing the conflict.

What was the impact of the Spanish Armada's failures on their strategy?

Spain continued to plan further invasion attempts despite losses.

What was the outcome of the English attacks on Spanish ships?

They varied in success due to lack of resources and coordination.

What did the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, signify?

It heightened tensions between England and Spain.

How did Elizabeth's gender impact her military leadership?

She was often ignored by her military captains, complicating her strategies.

What year did Phillip II die?

1598

What significant event occurred in Ireland in 1601?

A Spanish fleet landed with guns and troops but was defeated.

What was the time frame during which English security was threatened by invasion?

1595-1601

What prevented military strategy from being prioritized during the conflict with Spain?

Joint-stock funding focused on profit rather than military strategy.

What natural event hindered the two subsequent Spanish Armadas?

Bad weather

What was the status of the Spanish threat between 1589-1595?

The threat was diminished as England defeated the first Armada.

What was the closest Spain came to a successful invasion of England?

The Irish invasion in 1601.

What major issue did Spain face during the conflict with England?

Spain was fighting wars on three fronts and faced mutinies and bankruptcy.

What was the role of the 'Old English' in Ireland?

They maintained their own armies and acted as quasi-kings in their regions.

What led to Tyrone's revolt from 1595-1603?

Hugh O'Neill felt threatened by the growing number of English Protestant colonies.

What was the size of the Irish rebel army led by Tyrone in 1595?

1,000 cavalry, 4,000 musketmen, and 1,000 pikemen.

What significant battle did Tyrone win in 1598?

The Battle of Yellow Ford.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Kinsale in 1601?

The English won, leading to the surrender of the Spanish and Tyrone.

What was the consequence of Elizabeth sending the largest army of her reign to Ireland?

Essex was defeated and later executed for his failure.

What was the financial situation of Elizabeth's government during the conflict?

They had about £300,000 per year, which was insufficient for war efforts.

What was the human cost of conflict in France during 1589-91?

11,000 Englishmen were killed, mostly from disease and lack of supplies.

What was the impact of the military campaigns on local government?

Local officers faced increasing pressure to meet demands for military service.

What was the contradiction faced by Elizabeth regarding her sovereignty in Ireland?

She was Sovereign of Ireland but did not control any land.

What was a significant consequence of the introduction of 'New English' in Ireland?

It led to revolts due to their belief in more autonomy for Ireland.

What was the significance of the Spanish help during Tyrone's revolt?

It justified Spain's intervention, although their support was limited.

What did Elizabeth's councillors fear about the situation in Ireland?

They feared it could serve as a launch pad for invasion.

What was the result of the English attempts to negotiate with Tyrone?

Negotiations were refused, leading to continued conflict.

What did the failure of Essex's campaign indicate about England's military situation?

It showed that England's resources were overextended.

What was the overall conclusion about the threat posed by Spain to English national security?

It was perceived as a threat but did not materialize into a successful invasion.

What was the long-term impact of the conflicts on Elizabeth's reign?

The conflicts strained resources and led to discontent among the populace.

What was the significance of the English victory in the conflict with Spain?

It helped restore the balance of power between France and Spain.

What was the role of Elizabeth's government in managing the military crisis?

They struggled to maintain military campaigns due to financial constraints.

What years did 105,810 men serve in military service?

Between 1585 and 1603.

What was the annual cost for each county to pay for and equip men serving abroad in the 1590s?

£2,000 a year.

Which two counties resisted payments for military service in the 1590s?

Suffolk and Norfolk.

What event in 1588 was widely celebrated in England?

The defeat of the Spanish Armada.

What did the triumphs of English forces in the 1590s help to increase?

English patriotism and a favorable view of God towards English Protestants.

What was the impact of English privateers in the New World?

They captured 1,000 Spanish and Portuguese ships.

What was the significance of the East India Company established in 1600?

It formalized trade with Asia.

What issue became a topic of discussion in Elizabeth's court due to her unmarried status?

Her succession.

Who were the two main factions in the 1590s?

Cecil versus Essex.

What was Robert Cecil's main experience before the 1590s?

He was a Member of Parliament (MP).

What military strategy did Elizabeth prefer during the 1590s?

Defensive, cautious war with Spain.

What was the relationship between Essex and Elizabeth regarding his power?

Essex was reliant on Elizabeth for support and authority.

What event in 1596 increased tensions between Essex and the Cecils?

Essex's military expedition to Cadiz.

What happened during the argument in the Privy Council involving Essex and Elizabeth?

Elizabeth slapped Essex when he turned his back.

What position was Essex promoted to in 1599?

Lord Deputy of Ireland.

What led to Essex's downfall?

His return to England against Elizabeth's orders and misconduct in Ireland.

What was the effect of factional rivalry on Elizabeth's court?

It led to political instability and competition for influence.

What was the role of factions in Elizabeth's court?

They were formed to gain the queen's favor and advance personal opportunities.

What did the death of key advisors in the late 1580s lead to?

A rise in factionalism in Elizabeth's court.

Who was the Earl of Leicester's stepson?

Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex).

What was the outcome of Essex's military expedition to Spain in 1597?

It was largely unsuccessful.

What was one of the main reasons for the rivalry between Essex and the Cecils?

Disagreements over military policy and appointments.

How did the Cecils consolidate their power in the 1590s?

By monopolizing government positions and gaining support in the Council.

What was the impact of the succession issue on factional dynamics?

It bred factions pushing their candidates for succession.

What did Essex argue with Elizabeth about after his campaign in Cadiz?

The division of profits from his campaign.

What was the nature of factional cooperation before 1595?

Cecils and Essex occasionally worked together on military matters.

What action did Essex take against Elizabeth's orders?

He returned to England and stormed into her private quarters.

What was the consequence of Essex's misconduct in Ireland?

He was put under house arrest and lost his monopoly on sweet wines.

What did Essex plan in 1601?

An attack on Elizabeth to surround the court and capture her.

What play did Essex put on to incite revolt against Elizabeth?

Richard II

What was the outcome of Essex's revolt?

He failed to capture the councillors and was outnumbered.

How did Elizabeth encourage factionalism?

By allowing different factions to exist, reducing the threat of a unified opposition.

What was the impact of factionalism on Elizabethan governance?

It caused political instability but was sometimes overstated.

What was the role of Parliament in relation to taxation?

Parliament was the only body that could grant taxes, with the House of Commons believing they had the sole right to introduce taxation bills.

What did Elizabeth attempt to do in 1593 regarding taxation?

She tried to interfere, which made MPs uneasy.

What were the Vagrancy Acts and when were they passed?

They were passed in 1597 and 1601 to address issues related to vagrancy.

What was the significance of the 1589 Parliament?

It saw disagreements over taxation and the Commons' attempts to limit abuses of purveyance.

What happened to Peter Wentworth in the 1593 Parliament?

He was arrested for trying to introduce a petition about royal succession.

What was the Commons' response to Elizabeth's request for taxation in 1589?

They refused until their grievances were heard.

What was the significance of the 1597 Parliament?

It represented the first direct criticism of Elizabeth's policies, particularly regarding monopolies.

What did the 1601 Parliament focus on?

An attack on the monopolies granted by the queen.

What was the outcome of the 1597 Parliament regarding monopolies?

Elizabeth promised to examine all monopoly licenses.

How did the Commons view their role in relation to taxation?

They saw themselves as representatives of their voters and local communities.

What was the economic impact of monopolies during Elizabeth's reign?

They were particularly damaging during economic hardship, raising prices significantly.

What was the nature of the relationship between the Crown and Parliament from 1589-1603?

The monarch had the sole right to summon and dismiss Parliament and veto laws.

What was the significance of factionalism in the context of Essex's revolt?

Essex's revolt was seen as inevitable due to the factional struggles and Elizabeth's failure to manage them.