psych type shit

What does behavioral psychology suggest about human behavior?

It suggests that the environment shapes human behavior.

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

John Broadus Watson.

What is John Watson best known for in psychology?

Applying behaviorism to child development and emphasizing the role of the environment over genetics.

What is B.F. Skinner known for in behavioral psychology?

He is known for his theory of learning through conditioning, emphasizing reinforcement.

What is a reinforcer in Skinner's S-R theory?

Anything that strengthens the desired response.

What is positive reinforcement?

The introduction of a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.

What is negative reinforcement?

Encouraging specific behaviors by removing or avoiding negative consequences.

What are the two types of punishment in behaviorism?

Positive punishment (adding something unpleasant) and negative punishment (taking away something pleasant).

What is socialization in the context of behavioral psychology?

The process by which people learn socially desirable behaviors.

Who developed the Cognitive/Social Learning Theory?

Albert Bandura.

What key concept did Bandura introduce regarding behavior?

Expectations of a situation play a key role in determining behavior.

What is cognitive psychology focused on?

How our thoughts and views of situations influence our behavior.

What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

The belief in one's ability to influence outcomes based on personal decisions and efforts.

What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus of control believes success is due to personal control, while external locus believes it is due to external factors.

What is personality in psychology?

An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations.

What are the four major perspectives on personality?

Psychoanalytic, Trait, Humanistic, and Social Cognitive.

What does the psychoanalytic approach focus on?

Unconscious motives and processes.

What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

Id, ego, and superego.

What is the id in Freud's theory?

The basic part of personality that seeks instant gratification and operates on the pleasure principle.

What does the ego do in Freud's model?

It develops after the id and negotiates between the id and reality, operating on the reality principle.

What is the superego in Freud's theory?

The part of personality that represents our conscience and moral standards.

What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

What is the focus of the oral stage in Freud's psychosexual development?

The mouth, with potential fixation leading to behaviors like smoking or overeating.

What characterizes the anal stage of Freud's development?

Focus on retention and expulsion, leading to traits like orderliness or messiness.

What is the Oedipus conflict in the phallic stage?

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and rivalry with his father.

What is the Electra complex?

A girl's competition with her mother for her father's affections.

What happens during the latency stage of development?

A period of rest with no significant developmental events.

What is the genital stage in Freud's theory?

The stage beginning at puberty where sexual feelings are directed towards others.