AICE International History Chapter 3 Review

What were the aims of Mussolini's foreign policy?

•make Italy great, respected, and feared

• dominate the Mediterranean (mare nostrum)

• expand the empire (Abyssinia, Fiume, Albania)

What were the implications of Mussolini's foreign policy?

• friendly relations (1923-34)

• aggressive foreign policy (after 1934)

•involvement in Spanish civil war to create another fascist state

- gain a naval base

What were the aims of Mussolini's foreign policy?

•make Italy great, respected, and feared

• dominate the Mediterranean (mare nostrum)

• expand the empire (Abyssinia, Fiume, Albania)

What were the implications of Mussolini's foreign policy?

• friendly relations (1923-34)

• aggressive foreign policy (after 1934)

•involvement in Spanish civil war to create another fascist state

- gain a naval base

Why did civil war break out in Spain?

•political instability in Spain

•problems with the new republic

•Spain divided between multiple political groups (fascist and left-Wing groups)

What were the aims of Hitler's foreign policy?

•challenging the treaty of Versailles

•unite all German speaking people (annexing Austria and taking territory from Czechoslovakia and Poland)

•expand eastward to achieve lebensraum

• recover lost territory (Saar and Polish Corridor)

• Achieve Anschluss

What were the implications of Hitlers foreign policy?

• attempted Anschluss and the return of the Saar region

• rearmament

• took territory from Czechoslovakia and Poland

Why did Hitler invade Poland?

•He had agreed that Germany and Russia could get part of Poland (nazi-soviet pact)

•to give Germans lebensraum

•he believed nations would continue to follow appeasement (ex. Chamberlain backing down at Munich conference to his claims to the Sudetenland)

•to overturn the treaty of Versailles (take back polish corridor and Danzig)

Hitler intend to cause a major war

He did

• Mein Kampf (Lebensraum seizing land in poland and the USSR)

• Treaties such as the Rome-Berlin Axis and Anti-Comintern Pact

• Hitlers aims could only be achieved by war (ex. taking land from Poland when Britain pledged support)

Hitler did NOT intend to cause major war

He didn't

• Lebensraum was a propaganda exercise to attract support for Nazi's

• Opportunistic

- anglo-german naval agreement 1935

- occupation of the rhineland (told troops to leave if met with opposition)

- Anschluss with Austria (1938): britain and france only protested he believed nations would do nothing to stop him

- Munich Conference 1938: Britain and France would not help Czechoslovakia (he effectively dealt with any possible opposition in order to avoid war)

- He invaded Poland not to cause a war but because he believed he would be met with no opposition.

Why did nations follow appeasement before WW2?

•France: needed British support but Anglo-German naval agreement and rome-Berlin axis made it clear Italy and UK were unreliable.

• public opinion against war

• France and Britain suffering from effects of economic crisis

• British businessmen and industrialists wanted trading links with Germany

• British politicians believed treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany

• fear of communism/ Germany buffer to spread of communism

Why did war break out in 1939?

• appeasement of nations

• Germany's invasion of Poland and Czechoslovakia

• Britains declaration of war in defense of Poland

• nazi-soviet pact

• failure of League of Nations to take action

German-Poland Non-Aggression Treaty

Germany and Poland agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years

Rhineland

Area of western Europe lying in western Germany along both banks of the Rhine river. Demilitarized permanently in 1925

Spanish Civil War

Military revolt agianst the Republican government of Spain by the Nationalists

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Stalin and Hitler agreed not to go to war with each other and to split Poland between them.

Allowed Hitler to solve his problem of a 2 front war

Haile Selassie

Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and emperor from 1930 to 1974. Encourages people of Ethiopia to resist Italian invasion

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party

Ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943—constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship

Italy's first fascist ruler

Nazi

member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

Neville Chamberlain

British statesman of the Conservative Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Known for his foreign policy of appeasement and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938

Believed he 'found peace for our time' with the Munich Conference

Rome-Berlin Axis

Alliance between Italy and Germany. A line drawn between Rome and Berlin around which all European states will desire peace.

Anti-Comintern Pact

Anti-communist pact concluded between Germany, Italy and Japan on November 25, 1936, and was directed against the Third (Communist) International

A common front against communism (USSR)

Anschluss

annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938

Totalitarianism

system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war

-associated with neville chamberlain's policy towards Germany

Pact of Steel

known formally as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was a military and political alliance between the Kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany

Weimar Republic

Weimar in central Germany where the constitutional assembly met. Political turmoil and violence, economic hardship, and also new social freedoms

Annexation

adding to something larger, especially the incorporation of new territory into the domain of a city, country, or state

Winston Churchill

British statesman, army officer and writer, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955

Disliked the policy of appeasement to germany

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

Nationalism

feeling of superiority over other countries

Beer Hall Putsch

failed takeover by the Nazi's of the government in Bavaria (part of Germany)

-failed because there were not enough supporters yet

-as a result, Hitler was arrested and was given a 5 year sentence

-1923

Third Reich

Nazi regime in Germany from January 30, 1933, to May 8, 1945. The Nazi rise to power marked the beginning of the _________. It brought an end to the Weimar Republic

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

18 June 1935 was a naval agreement between the United Kingdom and Germany regulating the size of the marine in relation to the Royal Navy

Adolf Hitler

German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland

-Austrian born

-After WW1 he adopted an extreme right-wing nationalist outlook

-his foreign policy led to the outbreak of ww2

Fascism

radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce

political governing ideology

restricts political and individual rights

lebensraum

-living space

-this was going to be found in eastern european nations like ussr, czechoslovakia and poland

-hitler argued that germany was going to need more space bc of growing population

Sudetenland Crisis

-territory in western czechoslovakia that had a majority of native germans

-hitler believed these germans belonged in german territory

-land granted to Hitler at the Munich Conference

when was the rome-berlin axis

1936

when was the non-aggression pact

1939

rearmament

the process of building up a new stock of military weapons

When was German rearmament?

1935-1937

conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

-Hilter sent troops into the permanently demilitarized rhineland

-France nor Britain did anything

-1936

furher

a ruthless, tyrannical leader

International intervention in the Spanish Civil War

-Italy and Germany: fascist allies in europe, show of force, spread ideology, counter communist influence, west was distracted, testing ground for german military weapons

-USSR: combat fascism, hoping to create a communist ally

-West: remained neutral

When was the Wall Street Crash?

october 29, 1929

What was the date range for the Global Depression?

1929-1939

What is the date range for the Spanish Civil War?

1936-1939

What was the date range for WW2?

1939-1945

Reasons for Appeasement

-public opinion was against war

-the world-wide depression was distracting leaders

-some were sympathetic to Germany

-communism was seen as a greater threat

Social Darwinism

the application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies; particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Francisco Franco

-leader of the nationalist rebels in the spanish civil war

-post civil war, he established a military dictatorship that incorporated elements of fascism

-remained in power until his death in 1975

When was the invasion of Poland?

September 1, 1939

When was the invasion of Abyssinia?

1935-1936

Stresa Front

-1935

-alliance between France, Britain, and Italy to prevent German union with austria

-temporary

Munich Conference

a meeting between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy to discuss whether or not Germany should receive the Sudetenland

1938

Did the League take much action against italy after the invasion of Abyssinia?

No, they only imposed weak sanctions

What is the opposite political ideology of fascism?

communism