L2-L3- Antigens & Antibodies

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84 Terms

1
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an epitope is the part of the antigen that can __________ with our immune system

interact

2
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an ________ is the part of the antigen that can interact with our immune system

epitope

3
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are all part of a protein antigenic

NO (ex: we wouldn’t make antibodies against self-protein polypeptide backbones)

4
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can a single antigen have multiple epitopes on its surface

YES

5
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<p>_______ epitopes are composed of amino acids that are contiguous in the primary sequence</p>

_______ epitopes are composed of amino acids that are contiguous in the primary sequence

linear

6
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<p>could an antibody recognize this epitope if it were denatured</p>

could an antibody recognize this epitope if it were denatured

YES (denatured= linearized, but its already straight so nothing would really change)

7
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<p>___________ epitopes are composed of amino acids that are <em>NOT</em> contiguous in the primary sequence</p>

___________ epitopes are composed of amino acids that are NOT contiguous in the primary sequence

conformational

8
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<p>could an antibody recognize this epitope if it were denatured</p>

could an antibody recognize this epitope if it were denatured

NO (denatured= linearized, if we straightened this out the antibody might end up seeing a green nonantigenic part instead of the red)

9
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in the context of immunizations, antigens on an infectious pathogen will be in the ______ state

native (tertiary or quaternary, immune system cant see stuff trapped inside)

<p>native (tertiary or quaternary, immune system cant see stuff trapped inside)</p>
10
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<p>this is a ___ cell receptor</p>

this is a ___ cell receptor

BCR (heavy and light chain)

11
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<p>this is a ___ cell receptor</p>

this is a ___ cell receptor

TCR (alpha and beta chain)

12
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antigens with one epitope are called ________

haptens (only elicit immune response when attached to a larger carrier)

13
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haptens are antigens with ______ epitope(s)

one (only elicit immune response when attached to a larger carrier)

14
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haptens are antigens with only one epitope that can only be recognized when ______________

attached to a larger protein carrier

15
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polysaccharides & homopolymers are examples of antigens with _______ epitopes of __________ specificities

many, same

16
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___________ are examples of antigens with many epitopes of the same specificity

polysaccharides

17
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proteins are examples of antigens with ________ epitopes of ________ specificities

many, different

18
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_________ are examples of antigens with many epitopes of different specificities

proteins

19
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before an antigen can be presented, it first must be ________

processed (broken down/digested)

20
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every antibody has ___ identical antigen binding sites

two

21
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every antibody has two _________ antigen binding sites

identical

22
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can an antibody bind two different epitopes 

NO (only 2 of the same epitope, could be on different antigens)

23
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could an antibody bind two different antigens

YES, if they have the same epitope

24
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affinity is the _________ of an Ag-epitope interaction

strength

25
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_________ is the overall strength of binding between Ig-Ag considering all binding sites

avidity (affinity is just the strength of Ag-epitope)

26
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immunogenicity is an immune response that can develop anti-_____ antibodies

drug (can reduce tx efficacy and cause ADRs)

27
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_____antigens are certain bacterial toxins that produce overresponse by the immune system

superantigens

28
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superantigens bind _______ to MHC receptors and T cells in __________ regions

directly, constant

29
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do superantigen interactions rely on T cell specificity

NO (they can bind to any TCR)

30
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__________ enhance immune response to antigen, but not to the ________ itself

adjuvants (often used in vaccines)

31
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the hinge region of the antigen allows the ‘arms’ to rotate and spread, which is great for _________

opsonization

32
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we want mAbs to have the ________ immunogenicity possible

lowest (want to kill the antigen, but don’t want some huge immune response)

33
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glycosylation on antibodies is the attachment of _________ to protein

carbohydrates

34
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____________ on antibodies is the attachment of carbohydrates to protein

glycosylation

35
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is glycosylation, attachment of carbohydrates to protein, genetically encoded

NO (think, you have to eat carbs so your body doesnt just have those ready to go the way it has disulfides)

36
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are disulfide linkages that hold the antibody chains together genetically coded

YES

37
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disulfide linkages in antibodies hold the _________ together

chains

38
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________________ in antibodies hold the chains together

disulfide linkages

39
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Ig___ is the first antibody to be made against an infecting pathogen

IgM

40
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_________ ___________ is changes in the DNA sequence of gene segments that encode the CDRs and selects for higher-affinity binders

affinity maturation

41
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_________ _________ which selects antibodies that bind tighter to the pathogen

somatic hypermutation

42
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in clonal selection, B cells with ______ affinity for the Ag will have better Ag binding

high

43
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in clonal selection, B cells with low affinity for the Ag will NOT be selected to _________

reproduce

44
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________________________ is required to produce IgG, IgA, and IgE from the original IgM

class switch recombination

45
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in class switch recombination the heavy chain’s  _______ region changes while its _______ region stays the same

constant, variable

46
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naive B cells express Ig___ or Ig___

IgM or IgD

47
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activation of naive B cell lets it become a _______ cell which can then secrete antibodies other than IgM or IgD

plasma

48
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is class/isotype switching reversible

NO (once plasma cell secretes IgG, it can never start secreting IgM ever again)

49
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_________ signaling is important for isotype switching specificity

cytokine

50
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isotype switching occurs on the _______ region of the heavy chain

constant (constant, changes, class switch)

51
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__________ ________ is a complex mix produced by a single animal host that is NOT reproducible from one host to another (easy to make, but bad for therapeutics)

polyclonal antiserum

52
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polyclonal antiserum can recognize multiple _________ epitopes on the same antigen

different (mAbs all recognize the same epitope)

53
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__________ _______ can recognize multiple different epitopes on the same antigen

polyclonal antiserum

54
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hybridomas & monoclonal antibodies recognize ________ epitope(s)

same

55
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_______ _________ all recognize the same exact epitope

monoclonal antibodies

56
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which types of mAbs have the lowest immunogenicity (=best for therapy)

human

57
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humanized mAbs are ~___& human, meaning they have pretty low immunogenicity

95 (almost as little immunogenicity as the fully human mAbs)

58
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___________ mAbs are ~95% human

humanized

59
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chimeric mAbs are ~___% human, meaning they have a moderate risk for immunogenicity

65

60
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________ mAbs are ~65% human, meaning they have a moderate risk for immunogenicity

chimeric

61
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bi-specific multi-Igs (migs) can bind two _______ antigens

different

62
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____________ multi-Igs (migs) can bind two different antigens

bi-specific

63
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bi-paratopic multi-Igs (migs) can bind two _________ epitope(s) on the same antigen

different

64
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____________ multi-Igs (migs) can bind two different epitopes on the same antigen

bi-paratopic

65
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bi-valent multi-Igs (migs) can bind two _________ epitope(s) on the same antigen

same

66
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___________ multi-Igs (migs) can bind two of the same epitopes on the same antigen

bi-valent

67
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multi-specific multi-Igs (migs) can bind 3 or more of _________ epitope(s) on the same antigen

different

68
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____________ multi-Igs (migs) can bind 3 or more different epitopes on the same antigen

multi-specific

69
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multi-specific multi-Igs (migs) can bind _____ different epitopes on the same antigen

3 or more

70
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antibody drug-_________ deliver cytotoxic agents to cancer cells while sparing healthy cells

conjugates

71
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biologics are derived from __________

living organisms

72
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biosimilars emphasize __________ moreso than _______

similarity, safety (since the safety has already been studied)

73
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____________ emphasize similarity moreso than safety

biosimilars

74
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are biosimilars the same as generics

NO (since they are NOT exact copies of their reference products)

75
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biosimilars are not the same as generics because they are NOT __________ as/of their reference products

exact copies (theyre just similar!)

76
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interchangeables have met _______ requirements than biosimilars

more

77
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___________ have met more requirements than biosimilars

interchangeables

78
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____________ have additional requirements in order to mimic/match their reference

interchangeables

79
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according to IL state law, can pharmacists substitute for interchangeables

YES but they must contact the patient & prescriber

80
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in other states can interchangeables be substituted without having to contact the prescriber

YES (but not in IL)

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