Chemistry liquids, gases, and solids

What is viscosity?

What is the term for a liquid’s resistance to flow?

What is surface tension?

What is the term for energy being required to increase the surface area of a liquid by its given amount?

What are surfacants?

What are compounds that lower water’s surface tension?

What is capillary action?

What is the attraction that allows things to go up by gravity?

What is cohesion?

What is the force between identical/similar particles?

What is adhesion?

What is the attraction between different particles?

What is the compression of liquids?

What is compressed slightly less than the other forces of attraction?

More intermolecular forces = ___ limited range

___ intermolecular forces = more limited range

Liquids have close, limited, or free range particles?

What force of attraction has close particles?

Which force of attraction has most fluidity?

Gas has the most/least fluidity?

What determines the viscosity?

Density, intermolecular forces, temperature, and shape of particles determines ___?

Stronger forces = ___ viscosity

___ forces = higher viscosity

Long molecules are ___ viscous than compact ones

Long/compact molecules are MORE viscous

Does heat speed up or slow down molecules

___ speeds up molecules

Heat is more/less viscous?

___ is more viscous

Why are longer molecules more viscous than compact ones?

What is caused by the area for dispersion forces?

What happens to the viscosity when the attraction forces are the same?

What kind of attraction forces have a higher viscosity because there is less space between the molecules?

Viscosity increases/decreases with pressure?

___ increases with pressure?

Viscosity increases/decreases in temperature?

___ decreases in temperature?

What effect does kinetic energy have on some intermolecular forces?

What can overcome some intermolecular forces?

What is surface tension caused by?

What does water molecules being pulled down cause?

Higher intermolecular forces causes what kind of pull to water molecules?

Higher/lower intermolecular forces causes water molecules to be more strongly pulled down

Higher intermolecular forces causes higher/lower surface tension?

Higher surface tension is caused by higher/lower intermolecular forces?

What is the measure of inward pull by interior particles?

What is surface tension?

What are intermolecular forces?

What is the term for the forces of attraction between molecules, compounds, and atoms?

Forces of attraction are between bonded/non bonded particles?

Nonbonded particles

What are the three intermolecular forces?

What are dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding?

What are dispersion forces?

What is the term for weak forces that result from temporary shifts in density of electrons in the electron cloud?

Which intermolecular force is the weakest?

Dispersion forces

Are dispersion forces found in polar or nonpolar molecules?

Which force is found in both polar and nonpolar molecules?

In dispersion forces, larger molecules have a ___ dispersion

In what force do larger molecules have a greater dispersion?

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Which force is between the negative end of one polar molecule and the positive end of another polar molecule?

Which force is neither the strongest or the weakest?

What is the strength of dipole-dipole forces?

What is hydrogen bonding?

Which force has a strong dipole-dipole attraction when a H atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom with one or more lone pairs of electrons?

In hydrogen bonding, what do hydrogen atoms bond to?

In what force do hydrogen atoms bond to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen?

Which force is the strongest?

Hydrogen bonds are the strongest/weakest forces?

Which intermolecular forces are found in polar molecules?

Dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bond

Low boiling points means strong/weak intermolecular forces?

Low/high boiling points mean weak intermolecular forces

What should you look for when ranking intermolecular forces?

H bonding, polar molecules, dispersion (mass, number of atoms, shape of molecule)

What is the movement of molecules in solids?

In which state of matter are molecules held in place, but still moving through vibrations?

What is a crystalline solid?

What is the term for a solid whose particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric, 3D structure?

What are the types of crystalline solids?

Which type of solid occurs in polar, nonpolar, and ionic particles; covalent networks; and metallic bonding?

What are amorphous solids?

What is the term for solids with particles NOT arranged in a repeating pattern?

What is the movement of atoms in gases?

Which state of matter has atoms that are widely spaced and are in constant movement?

What is air temperature?

What is the term for the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas?

What is pressure?

Force per unit area (P=F/A)

Little mass means ___ force per particle

___ mass means little force per particle

What do barometers measure?

What measures the atmospheric pressure?

What do pressure units measure?

What measures force per area?

What is (atm)?

What is the abbreviation for atmosphere?

What is (kPa)?

What is the abbreviation of kilopascal?

What is the conversion for kPa to atm?

101.3kPa = 1atm

As volume increases, pressure ___

As volume ___, pressure decreases

When the number of particles increases, volume ___ and pressure ___

When the number of particles ___, volume stays the same and pressure increases

When the number of particles increases, pressure ___ and volume ___

When the number of particles ___, pressure stays the same and volume increases

When the temperature increases, pressure ___ and number of particles ___

When the temperature ___, pressure increases and the number of particles stay the same

When the temperature increases, the volume ___ and the number of particles ___

When the temperature ___, the volume increases and the number of particles stay the same

What is the equation for the ideal gas law?

pv=nrt

What does the “p” stand for in PV=nRT?

What abbreviation represents pressure?

What does the “v” stand for in PV=nRT

What abbreviation represents volume?

What does the “n” stand for in PV=nRT?

What abbreviation represents the number of particles?

What does the “r” stand for in PV=nRT?

What is the abbreviation for the gas constant?

What does the “t” stand for in PV=nRT?

What is the abbreviation for temperature?

What is the melting phase change?

Solid to liquid is which phase change?

How is energy absorbed in the melting phase change?

Gains energy through an endothermic reaction

What is happening molecularly during the melting phase change?

Molecules absorb energy until they gain enough KE to overcome their intermolecular forces

What is happening in the vaporization phase change?

Liquid to gas

How is energy absorbed in the vaporization phase change?

Gained energy through a endothermic reaction

What is happening molecularly during the vaporization phase change?

The molecules absorb heat energy, increasing their kinetic energy and allowing them to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them in the liquid state

What is happening in the deposition phase change?

Gas to a liquid

How is energy absorbed in the deposition phase change?

Energy is NOT absorbed. It is released through an exothermic reaction as a gas that turns into a solid

What is happening molecularly during the deposition phase change?

Absorbed heat energy is used to increase the kinetic energy and freedom of motion of the molecules, allowing them to overcome intermolecular forces.

What is happening in the sublimation phase change?

Solid to gas

How is energy absorbed in the sublimation phase change?

Endothermic reaction absorbs energy and molecules break free from its solid, rigid structure and transition into a gas.

What is happening molecularly during the sublimation phase change?

Surface molecules of a solid absorb energy to overcome intermolecular forces holding them in a fixed lattice allowing themselves to escape as a gas.

What is happening in the condensation phase change?

Gas turns into a liquid

How is energy absorbed in the condensation phase change?

Exothermic process where energy is released, not absorbed. Gas molecules release stored energy as they slow down and form stronger bonds transitioning to a liquid state.

What is happening molecularly during the condensation phase change?

Molecules lose potential energy, slow down, move closer together and form intermolecular bonds to become a liquid.

What is happening in the freezing phase change?

Liquid to solid

How is energy absorbed in the freezing phase change?

An exothermic process where energy is not absorbed, but released as latent heat as liquid molecules slow down and form stronger, more ordered bonds of a solid.

What is happening molecularly during the freezing phase change?

Liquid molecules lose energy, slow down, and their intermolecular forces pull them into a fixed, orderly, crystalline pattern releasing latent heat as they transition to a solid state.