perception part 3 stuff

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

What is the main idea of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Infants construct knowledge through direct physical interaction and coordination of senses with movement.

How is the orienting/head-turning method used in infant research?

Researchers present auditory or visual stimuli and record whether infants orient toward it to infer discrimination ability.

What does EEG/ERP measure in infant studies?

Electrical brain activity; detects timing and location of neural responses to sensory stimuli.

At what age do infants begin visual search for distinct features?

Around 3 months, showing selective attention to visual elements.

What does “experience is required for synaptic connectivity” mean?

Visual experience strengthens neural connections in visual cortex, improving acuity and color perception.

What is audio-visual synchrony?

Matching visual and auditory information that occur together (e.g., seeing and hearing a hammer tap).

How do we test intermodal perception with vowel sounds?

Kuhl & Meltzoff (1982) showed infants match lip movements to “EEE” vs “AHH.”

What did Simion et al. (2002) find about face perception?

Newborns prefer top-heavy, face-like patterns with more elements in the upper half.

What is the relationship between cortical development and object permanence?

As visual and prefrontal areas mature (myelination + connectivity), infants form stronger mental representations of hidden objects.

How do Y-, T-, and arrow junctions act as depth cues?

They signal corners, occlusion, and spatial relations among surfaces in pictorial depth perception.

What did Yonas et al. (2002, 2012) find?

By 5–7 months, infants use linear perspective and relative height to guide reaching, even under monocular conditions.