ARH Quiz 3 terms

Calotype

A photographic process in which a positive image is made by shining light through a negative image onto a sheet of sensitized paper.

Camera obscura

Latin, "dark room." An ancestor of the modern camera in which a tiny pinhole, acting as a lens, projects an image on a screen, the wall of a room, or the ground-glass wall of a box; used by artists in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries as an aid in drawing from nature.

Daguerreotype

A photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre

Orientalism

term used by art historians for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Middle Eastern, and East Asian cultures by American and European writers, designers and artists.

Realism

movement that emerged in the mid-19th century France. _______ artists represented the subject matter of everyday life (especially subjects that previously had been considered inappropriate for depiction) in a relative naturalistic mode.

Romanticism

A Western cultural phenomenon, beginning around 1750 and ending about 1850, that gave precedence to feeling and imagination over reason and thought. More narrowly, the art movement that flourished from about 1800 to 1840.

Charles Pierre Baudelaire

A French poet who produced notable work as an essayist, and art critic. His most famous work, (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in modern, industrializing Paris during the 19th century

Bourbon Restoration

name given to the period following the successive events of the French Revolution (1789-1799), the end of the First Republic (1792-1804), and then the forcible end of the First French Empire (1804-1814/1815) - the power was restored by arms to the monarchy of the House of Bourbon, who once again became possessors of the Kingdom of France.

Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet

a French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. The Realist movement bridged the Romantic movement with the Barbizon School and the Impressionists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social commentary in his work.

Napoleon

French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe. As ________ I, he was the Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815.

Impressionism

A late-19th-century art movement that sought to capture a fleeting moment, thereby conveying the illusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions.

Japonisme

The French fascination with all things Japanese. _________ emerged in the second half of the 19th century.

Modernism

A movement in Western art that developed in the second half of the 19th century and sought to capture the images and sensibilities of the age. _______ art goes beyond simply dealing with the present and involves the artist's critical examination of the premises of art itself.

plein air

An approach to painting much favored by the Impressionists, in which artists sketch outdoors to achieve a quick impression of light, air, and color. The sketches were then taken to the studio for reworking into more finished works of art.

pointillism

A system of painting devised by the 19th-century French painter Georges Seurat. The artist separates color into its component parts and then applies the component colors to the canvas in tiny dots (points). The image becomes comprehensible only from a distance, when the viewer's eyes optically blend the pigment dots. Sometimes referred to as divisionism.

Post Impressionism

extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colors, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary color.

Symbolism

late-19th-century movement based on the idea that the artist was not an imitator of nature but a creator who transformed the facts of nature into a symbol of the inner experience of that fact.

Georges Haussmann

French civic planner most responsible for the rebuilding of Paris in the 1860s at a cost of 2,500,000,000 francs. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates Central Paris.