Q3 West Civ Test 1

What farming technique involves alternating crops to improve soil health?

Crop rotation

What innovation allowed for more efficient planting of seeds?

Seed drill

What movement ended traditional common land farming and created unemployment?

Enclosure movement

What major societal shift occurred as rural workers moved to cities for factory jobs?

Urbanization

What was a significant consequence of the Agricultural Revolution on food production?

Increased food supply

What did the new farming methods during the Agricultural Revolution lead to?

A large labor force for factories

What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the economy?

Improved economy and global power for industrial nations

What did factories produce that changed the way goods were made?

Machine-made goods

What were some problems faced by factory workers during the Industrial Revolution?

Long hours, dangerous conditions, low wages, and child labor

Who was the Prime Minister of Prussia that aimed for German unification?

Otto Von Bismarck

What was Bismarck's approach to politics known as?

Realpolitik

What war did Prussia declare to gain control of Holstein and Schleswig?

Austro-Prussian War

What telegram did Bismarck send that insulted Napoleon III and led to war?

Ems telegram

What territories did Prussia gain after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War?

Alsace and Lorraine

Who led the Italian unification movement alongside King Emmanuel?

Prime Minister Cavour

What role did Guiseppe Garibaldi play in Italian unification?

He led the Red Shirts to capture Sicily and Naples.

What was the outcome of the Austro-Prussian War for Piedmont?

Piedmont gained control of Venetia.

What significant city did Piedmont gain control of as a result of the Franco-Prussian War?

Rome

What was a major impact of the Industrial Revolution on urban areas?

Overcrowding and poor housing conditions

What did the Agricultural Revolution lead to in terms of social class changes?

Creation of a working class and middle class

What were some new inventions that improved technology and transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

Steam engine, spinning jenny, railroads, and steamships

Enclosure Movement

The process in which wealthy landowners fenced off shared village land and turned it into private property, forcing many small farmers to leave their land.

Crop Rotation

A farming method where farmers plant different crops in the same field each season to keep the soil healthy and improve harvests.

Selective Breeding

The practice of choosing the best animals or plants to reproduce so future generations have better traits (like more meat, milk, or stronger crops).

Subsistence Farming

Farming where families grow just enough food to survive, with little or nothing left to sell.

Commercial Farming

Farming done to grow large amounts of food or goods to sell for profit.

Tenant Farmer

A farmer who rents land from a landowner instead of owning it.

Rural

Relating to the countryside—areas with farms, open land, and small populations.

Industrial Revolution

A major time of change (starting in the late 1700s) when people began using machines, factories, and new sources of power like steam to produce goods faster and cheaper than by hand.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, causing cities to grow rapidly.

Mass Production

Making large numbers of goods quickly and cheaply, usually using machines and factories.

Steam Engine

A machine that uses steam power to run machines, trains, or factory equipment—one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

Textile Industry

The business of making cloth and fabric (like cotton, wool, and clothing), often in factories.

Cottage Industry

A system where goods (especially textiles) were made by hand at home instead of in factories.

Capital

Money or resources used to start a business, build factories, buy machines, or invest in production.

Child Labor

The use of children as workers, often in factories or mines, usually for low pay and in unsafe conditions.

Tenement

A crowded, poorly built apartment building where many working-class families lived in industrial cities.

Working Class

People who work for wages in factories or manual labor jobs and usually have lower incomes.

Middle Class

People with more education or better-paying jobs (like business owners, doctors, managers, or merchants) who have more wealth and comfort than the working class.