Infant Child Development (Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 )

A researcher presents an infant with two objects. To determine whether the infant is able to discriminate between the two objects and favors one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spends looking at each object. Which experimental technique is the researcher using?

preferential- looking technique

Which statement BEST characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?

The pattern of development is very consistent across cultures.

Nativists differ from empiricists in that nativists believe that children are born with:

a sense of concept of time

Children's psychological understanding begins to emerge by about what age?

1

Which statement is NOT an argument used by nativists to support the idea that people have a biology module?

Children during the preschool years tend to believe that plants are not alive.

Which level of category hierarchies is the MOST specific?

subordinate

On false-belief problems, children who do not yet have a complete understanding of the relation between their own beliefs and others' beliefs:

have difficulty understanding that other people could have false beliefs when they themselves know the truth.

Six-month-old infants are NOT able to:

remember order of events for substantial period

Trevor, a 2-year-old who loves the color red, is told a story about a boy named Andy. In the story, Andy loves the color blue. When Trevor is asked to choose the color crayon that Andy would likely choose when drawing a picture, Trevor will MOST likely:

select blue because it is Andy's favorite color

The development of a theory of mind is severely impaired for:

children w autism

Infants are first able to code space relative to

their own immediate position.

On the subject of growth, preschoolers believe that:

living things can only grow larger

Emily, a 7-month-old infant, is sitting on the floor in a nearly empty room. On each side of her is a television screen. Every 10 seconds, an interesting picture appears on the screen on her left. The screen on her right remains blank. Emily is then rotated so that the screen that has been showing the interesting pictures is now on her right. Where will Emily look in anticipation of the interesting picture?

to her left

The Phillips and colleagues study that recorded infants' looking times when they were presented with actors holding stuffed toy kittens was examining infants' understanding of the connection between:

desires and actions

Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression?

pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play

Aidan, a 4-year-old child, is told a story about a girl who wants to grow to be taller than her daddy, but she is still a young girl. When asked if the girl will get her wish, Aidan is MOST likely to:

predict that she will not get her wish

In the study in which 9- to- 11-month-old infants were shown a series of actions and then given opportunities to reproduce the actions, _____ was necessary for the infants to reproduce the actions accurately.

a causal relationship amoung actions

When 3-year-old children are presented with the categories of people, caterpillars, and chimpanzees, and asked which two are most similar, research indicates that they will MOST likely choose:

people and chimpanzees

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects what fundamental, unresolved question about human nature?

Do children form all concepts through the same mechanisms, or do they possess special mechanisms for forming a few particularly important concepts?

Pretend play emerges at about the age of _____; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of _____.

18, 2.5 years

The understanding that any set of discrete objects or events can be counted represents:

abstraction

The understanding that two objects are separate, even when they are touching is referred to as _____

object segregation

_____ knowledge is the understanding of the properties and function of language—an understanding of language as language

metalinguistic

___ and her colleagues have used to violation of expectancy technique to establish that infants as young as ___ months of age look longer at an "impossible" event than at a possible event

Baillargeon, 3½

When do babies have knowledge of gravity?

in the first years

T/F An infant will understand who "mommy" refers to before the infant can say "mama". This is ____

True for all english speaking babies

Why is social knowledge so important for babies in the first years of life?

so that babies can distinguish between animate and inanimate objects and so that babies can understand that other's behavior is purposeful

____ olds can make inferences about what a person will do based on the knowledge of what the person knows

15-month

What was the meaning of reaching study where there were two objects in two different locations? Which aged-babies looked longest and why?

The study measured if the baby could understand intentionality of actions or not. 7 month babies looked longer at the person reaching for the different object, showing that they understand the person's intentionality.

___month-old infants not only can recognize goal-related action, but also can interpret future actions of an actor on the basis of previously witnessed behavior in another context. This inference is made through the ___ of ___ __

12, attribution of mental states

One month old Bella is shown a small cube that is close to her. Next she is shown a larger cube that is farther away from her. Because the two cubes are at different distances from Bella, they appear to be the same size. Bella's actions indicate that she recognizes that the second cube is larger, signifying that she has ______

perceptual consistency

Karen Adolph's Experiment showed that:

Babies have no concept of the holes on the platform when crawling and have no concept of risks

Adolf's work demonstrates that infants must learn through____ of what ___ ___ ___ enable them to do

experience, new motor skills

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why young infants tend to have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?

young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other

A 6-month old and a 9-month old are shown photographs of two different ostriches, a bird neither infant has seen before. The 6-month old more easily distinguishes between the two different birds than does the 9-month old. The poorer performance of the 9-month old is a result of _______

perceptual narrowing

What is meant by the term: "Hot House Babies"

Having extremely high expectations for child, overstimulating them and over structuring their time

The tendency of an infant to look longer at a smiling face that is paired with a happy voice is an indication of that infant's ________

intermodal perception

Five-week old Johnny is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. Johnny is displaying _____

the rooting reflex

Jane is a 2-month old infant. She wants to get her hands on the rattle that is lying next to her, however, all she can do is make very clumsy swiping movements in the general vicinity of the toy. Jane's movements are known as _____

pre-reaching motions

What effects the cultural practice of putting babies to sleep on their backs ?

There is a decrease in SIDS, babies will have a more flatter skull, babies will be less strong to push up on all fours

Seven month old Trevor has learned that small round objects can be rolled across a flat surface. Trevor's discovery is an example of which developmental learning process?

affordances

Five-Month old Kenji is lying in his crib. His mother hides out of view, then pops above him and yells, "boo"! Kenji squeals with delight, but after his mother repeats her actions a few times, his excitement decreases and his attention wanders to the mobile hanging over the crib. Kenji's response is an example of _____

habituation

The violation-of-expectancy procedure provides evidence of what basic assumption about infant's understanding of their world?

Infants will look longer at an impossible event than at a possible event

Understanding that the behavior of others is purposive and goal directed is an aspect of ______

social knowledge

Researchers design an experiment in which 8 to 10 month old infants are placed in a high chair with a string attached to one of their arms. When they lift their arms, the string tips a small cup that spills cereal onto the table in front of them. A few weeks later, these same infants are placed in a different chair, but outfitted with a similar string and cup mechanism. The fact that these infants will remember that lifting their arms will result in cereal spilling is an example of ______

instrumental conditioning

How does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants and children according to some child psychologists?

Infants and children are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events

Infants as young as____ to ___ months of age imitate some of the novel actions they have witnessed.And by ___ months of age, infants can imitate actions they have seen an adult perform on television

6 to 9 , 15

Babies lose the ability to make phonemic distinctions that are not used in their native language when?

Before their First Birthdays

When ___-month-olds see a person apparently try, but fail, to pull the ends off a dumbbell, they imitate pulling the ends off - the action the person intended to do, not what the person actually did. They do not imitate a ___ __ at all. This shows that babies understand that behavior is ____.

18, mechanical device, intentional

In observational learning, in choosing to imitate a model, infants appear to pay attention to the ________ Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior of other people, but not of ___ ___

reason for the person's behavior, inanimate objects

Experiments in which children observe inanimate objects (a blob on a table or small cubes or balls) perform tasks (helping or hindering another object) provide evidence for the infant's understanding of which concept?

goal-directed behavior

___ is the processing of basic information from the external world by sensory receptors

sensation

_____ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

perception

____ ____ ____ is a method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the infant has a preference for one over the other

preferential-looking technique

___ ___ is the sharpness of visual discrimination

visual acuity

____ ___ is the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern

contrast sensitivity

____ is the light - sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea

cones

___ is the central region of the retina

fovea

____ ___is the perception of objects as being consistent in size, shape, or color in-spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object

perceptual constancy

___ ___ is the identification of separate objects in a visual array

object segregation

___ ___ is a depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background indicating that the object is approaching

optical expansion

___ ____ is the difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

binocular disparity

____ is the process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in the perception of depth

stereopsis

____ ____ ___ is the perceptual cues of depth (such as relative size and interposition that can be perceived by one eye alone)

monocular depth (pictorial) cues

___ ___ is the perception of the location in space of a sound source

auditory localization

___ ___ are developmental changes in which experience fine-tunes the perceptual system

perceptual narrowing

___ ___ is the combining of information from two or more sensory systems

intermodal perception

____ are innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to a particular stimulation

reflexes

___ ___ is a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first ion leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

stepping reflex

At about ____ months, infants gain the ability to sit independently and become stable

7

At about ___ months, babies show signs of reflex grasp of an object where they know how to physically grab the object and they know what they want to do with it

10

At ___ months, babies becomes capable of self-locomotions for the first time as they (typically) begin to crawl

8

___ is usually the first mode of locomotion in infants. Very common.

crawling

Infants begin walking independently at around ___ to ___ months of age

13-14

____ ____ ___ are clumsy, swiping movements by young infants toward the general vicinity of objects they see

pre-reaching movements

____ ___ is the ability to move one-self around in the environment

self-locomotion

___ ___ is the attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object

scale error

____ is extracting from the constantly changing stimulation and event in the environment the relation of those elements that are constant, invariant, or stable

differentiation

____ are the possibilities for action offered, or afforded, by objects and situations

affordances

__ ___ is a form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus what a stimulus that always evokes a particular reflective response

classical conditioning

Watson showed that some emotional responses may be learned through ___ ___ as demonstrated by the case of __ ___

classical conditioning,, Little Albert

____ ____ in classical conditioning is a stimulus that evokes a reflective response

unconditioned stimulus

___ ___ in classical conditioning is the neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the response stimulus

conditioned

___ ___ in classical conditioning is the original reflective response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

___ ___ in classical conditioning is a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

____ ____ is learning the relation between one's own behavior and the consequences from it

instrumental/operant conditioning

___ developed operant conditioning. ____ developed classical conditioning

BF Skinner, Watson

____ ___ is a reward that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior

positive reinforcement

___ ____ is the ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future

rational learning

___ ___ is learning by acting on the world rather than passively observing objects and events

active learning

___ ___ ___ is a procedure used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown an event that should evoke a surprise or an interest if it violates something the infant knows or assumes to be true

violation of expectancy

To elicit _____, the auditory syllable ba is dubbed onto a video of a person speaking the syllable ga. Someone watching this will hear the syllabus da.

the McGurk effect

Which of the following best describes researchers' current view of young infants' ability to mentally represent objects?

young infants are able to mentally represent objects and to act on these mental representations

An infant plays with a toy block in the dark, so he cannot see it. Later, he is shown a ball as well as the block. He realizes that it was the block, not the ball, that he played with in the dark through:

intermodal perception

A researcher taking a dynamic-systems approach to motor development would be MOST likely to examine the impact of _____ on the development of crawling.

multiple variables

Research on the music perception of infants has demonstrated that, with experience, humans:

become less sensitive to differences in musical stimuli.

Month-old infants have the ability to link their visual experience with their _____ experience.

oral

Research using shallow and steep inclines has NOT demonstrated that:

infants are able to transfer judgment skills learned as crawlers to walking.

Recent research has concluded that infants learn more when they choose what they learn about. This supports the notion of:

Active learning

Beginning at what age do infants use common movement as a cue for object segregation?

2 month