Chap 3: Musculoskeletal & Connective Tissue

ligaments

fibrous bands that connects bones to each other

tendons

bands of tissue that connects muscles and bones

fascia

tough fibrous covering of muscles

cartilage

composed of collagen fibers and cartilage cells

chrondrocytes

cartilage cells

matrix

internal structure of cartilage

elastic cartilage

stretchy elastin fibers, forms parts of the ears and nose

fibrocartilage

bundles of collagen fibers in it, found in discs between backbones and between pubic bones

hyaline cartilage

glassy cartilage, covers ends of long bones and cushions and protects the joints (articular cartilage) forms attachments of ribs and breastbone, parts of voice box, windpipe and bronchi

perichondrium

covering of elastic and hyaline cartilage, supplies tissue with nutrients

bone

osseous tissue, inflexible structures

cortical bone

compact, dense, strong, outer segment of bone

cancellous bone

spongy or trabecular, open, weaker part of bone

osteogenesis

ossification, connective tissue cells turn into osteoblasts

osteoblasts

immature cells that build bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoclasts

cells that break down bone to release the calcium salts as needed by body

hydroxyapatite

fibrous protein substance that provides a framework in which mineral salts are deposited

osteons

Haversian systems, cylindrical units within the harder outer cortical bone, built up in layers

haversian canals

located longitudinally to the long axis of bone

volkman canal

joins each of the haversian canals in horizontal fashion

axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower extremities

shoulder girdle

connects arms to the axial skeleton with shoulder blades and collarbones

pelvic girdle

attaches legs to the two pelvic bones

long bones

humerus and femur

short bones

carpal and tarsal

flat bones

sternum and scapula

irregular bones

vertebra and stapes

sesamoid

patella

diaphysis

shaft of lone bone

epiphysis

ends of long bone

distal epiphysis

end farther away from trunk

proximal epiphysis

end closer to trunk

epiphyseal plate

growth plate, sire of growth for bone lengthening

periosteum

tissue surrounding bone

nociceptors

specialized cells in periosteum, provides sensation of pain

endosteum

inner lining of the center of bone

medullary cavity

center of bone within endosteum

red bone marrow

produces blood cells (in medullary cavity) located in spongy bone of long bones and flat bones

yellow bone marrow

stores fat (in medullary cavity) stored in center of cortical bone

processes

protrusions

depressions

indentations

fissure

bone depression, fairly deep cleft or groove

foramen

bone depression, opening or hole

fossa

bone depression, hollow or depression, especially on surface end of bone

fovea

bone depression, small pit or depression

sinus/antrum

bone depression, cavity or channel lined with a membrane

sulcus

done depression, groove or depression in anatomical structure, not as deep as fissure

condyle

bone process, rounded smooth projection at end of bone that articulates with adjacent bones

crest

bone process, narrow elongated elevation

eminence

bone process, rounded, raised areas usually on bones

epicondyle

bone process, rough projection on surface of the bone above condyle, serves to attach tendons and ligaments

facet

bone process, small, smooth, flat articular surface

head (capitis)

bone process, rounded, proximal portion of some long bones

neck

bone process, narrowed area distal to bone head

projection

bone process, structure on bone that arises above its surface, forms point of attachment for ligaments and tendons

ramus

bone process, branchlike extension

spine

bone process, thornlike projection

trochanter

bone process, one of two bony projections on proximal ends of femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles

tubercle

bone process, nodule or small raised area

tuberosity

bone process, elevation or protuberance, larger than a tubercle

cranium

frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bones, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, paranasal sinuses, hyoid bone

facial bones

zygoma, lacrimal, orbit, maxilla, mandible, palatine, nasal

frontal bone

forms anterior part of skull and forehead, zygomatic process is section of frontal bone extending to cheek

parietal bone

paired bones that form sides of cranium

occipital bone

forms posteroinferior (lower back) portion of skull

foramen magnum

in occipital bone, large hole in ventral surface, allows brain communication with spinal cord

temporal bone

paired bones, forms inferior two sides of cranium

mastoid process

in temporal bone, small rounded, protruding bone posterior to ear

zygomatic process

temporal bone, anterior projection, forms the inferior portion of the cheek

styloid process

temporal bone, thin, pointed projection at base of temporal bone, serves as point of attachment for ligaments and muscles

ethmoid bone

single sievelike bone forming roof and walls of nasal cavity

cribriform plate

ethmoid bone, thin, flat structure perforated by many foramina for olfactory nerves

sphenoid bone

bat shaped, forms internal base of skull, giving shape to the orbits of the eyes

optic formina

sphenoid bone, openings that allow optic nerves to pass through

sella turcica

sphenoid bone, saddle like depression, hold pituitary gland

greater wings

sphenoid bone, triangular projections, forms cranial wall adjacent to petrous part of temporal bone

lesser wings

sphenoid bone, smaller projections forms the back of the orbit and supports part of the frontal lobe of brain

paranasal sinuses

air filled cavities, each lined with mucous membrane

vomer

paranasal sinuses, forms inferior/posterior part of nasal septum

hyoid bone

u shaped bone located in neck and attached to styloid process of temporal bone

zygoma

cheekbone, malar or zygomatic bone

lacrimal bone

paired bones at center of each eye that cradles the tear ducts

orbit bone

bony socket of eyeball, composed of ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, sphenoid and zygomatic bones

maxilla

upper jaw bone, maxillary bone

maxillary alveolar processes

in maxilla, cavities that hold teeth

mandible

lower jaw bone, mandibular bone

mental foramina

holes in central part of mandible

condyloid process

mandible, posterior projections of ramus that articulates with temporal bone

coronoid process

mandible, anterior projection of the ramus

palatine bone

structures that make up part of roof of mouth

nasal bone

pair of small bones, make up bridge of nose

nasal septum

wall that separates nostrils

true ribs

7 pairs attached directly to breastbone, in front of body

false ribs

3 pairs attached to sternum by cartilage

floating ribs

2 pairs, not attached in front of body

sternum

breastbone

xiphoid process

sharp point at most inferior aspect of sternum

corporis of sternum

main central portion of sternum