AP Human 2.10-2.12

Intervening opportunity

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.

Transnational Migration

It is when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally. For example, a person migrates from Mexico to the United States. When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

Forced migration can result from political events and policies or environmental crises such as floods, earthquakes, or famines that threaten peoples' lives. Such migrants must usually flee quickly in order to stay alive and cannot bring many items with them. Most intend to return to their homes once the danger has passed. If these migrants move to another part of the same country, they are classified as___________. If they cross international borders, they are refugees.

Gravity model of migration

The model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity. The larger the population of a city or country, the more pull the location will have with migrants seeking economic opportunities. However, as the distance between two locations increases, the pull, weakens and the person may choose a closer place to migrate.

Ethnic enclaves

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group, such as "Little Italy" or "Chinatown," add to the cultural richness of the countries in which they develop.

Internal Migration

It is used to describe movement that occurs within a country. One of the most important phenomena reshaping our world today is rural-to-urban migration. (See Topic 2.10.) Millions of people who leave villages and small towns every year for opportunities in cities and more densely settled areas. In less-developed countries, such as Kenya and India, migration is the most important factor driving urban growth.

Rural-to-urban migration

One of the most important phenomena reshaping our world today is ______. Millions of people who leave villages and small towns every year for opportunities in cities and more densely settled areas. In less-developed countries, such as Kenya and India, migration is the most important factor driving urban growth.

Remittances

Benefits of Migration Since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier ones, they often can afford to make ______—money sent to their family and friends in the country they left. _______ help the individuals receiving them, and account for nearly 40 percent of the income of some small countries, such as the Central Asian countries of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Xenophobia

A strong dislike of people of another culture. Other restrictions reflect economic concern that immigrants will take away jobs from citizens.

Guest-worker policies

These regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time. Once the work visa has expired, workers are expected to either renew or return to their sending country. Some are highly skilled engineers, programmers, or teachers. Others find employment as domestic and home care workers and manual laborers in agriculture or manufacturing.

Forced migration

Migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move, is _______. Today, the largest number are fleeing natural disasters, war, political persecution, or ethnic and cultural problems in their homelands.

Counter migration

Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction, called __________. For example, in the 1990s and early 2000s, as many Mexican migrants were moving to the United States, a ________ of people moved from the United States to Mexico. Some were part of a return migration, immigrants moving back to their former home. Others were retirees from the United States who had never lived in Mexico but were attracted by its warm weather and lower cost of living. One result of _________ is that neighborhoods of former U.S. residents are found scattered throughout Mexico. Today, about 1 million retired U.S. citizens live in Mexico.

Chain Migration

When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled. This process of __________ explains many patterns of migration and helps migrants transition into the receiving country.

Step Migration

Often internal migration, including rural-to-urban, operates in the process of ______ where people make a series of intermediate moves. Many people move to more urbanized areas gradually toward their final destination.

Intervening obstacles

Migration consists of more than just push and pull factors. Geographer Everett Lee introduced the idea in 1966 that migrants may encounter ________, barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult.

Emigrant

People who moved out of the country

Asylum

Some political refugees apply for _________ when they arrive in their country of destination. _______ is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns. If granted, _________-seekers receive protection and special status from the government of the receiving country.

Migration

The permanent or semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Pull factors

Once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances, or ________.

Brain Drain

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people, it is called a ______. Today, students from around the world enter the United States or Great Britain to study medicine, engineering, or other fields and often decide to stay, rather than return to the land of their birth. This creates a _______ on their countries of origin. A recent United Nations report found that about 11 percent of Africans with graduate or professional degrees were living in the United States, Europe, or other developed countries.

Family reunification

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.

Guest Workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally. Most are unskilled jobs such as agricultural work or manual labor. Countries in the Persian Gulf are notable for having large percentages of the total populations made up of foreign migrants. In Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, migrants constitute more than half the population. Most of these migrants work in some part of the petroleum industry. Many also work in the service industry to support tourism, which has boomed in the region.

Push factors

People generally decide to move because of ______, which are negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave.

Return migration

For example, in the 1990s and early 2000s, as many Mexican migrants were moving to the United States, a counter migration of people moved from the United States to Mexico. Some were part of a _______, immigrants moving back to their former home.

Voluntary migration

Most people who move do so in search of a better life. They are part of a ________, or a movement made by choice. The choice usually combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else.

Distance decay

Short Distances Most migrants travel only a short distance. The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those places. Ravenstein called this phenomenon ______. In the 1960s, geographers expanded this to time-________, the idea that things near one another are more closely connected than things that are far apart.

Migration transition model

Geographers, such as Wilbur Zelinsky, saw a connection between migration patterns and the demographic transition model. Zelinsky's theory, called the _________, argues that countries in Stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people and acts as a push factor. Thus, they migrate to less crowded Stage 4 or 5 countries, which offer greater economic opportunities with growing economies and aging populations.

Immigrant

People who moved into the country

Emigrate

The act of migrating out of somewhere

Refugees

Forced migration can result from political events and policies or environmental crises such as floods, earthquakes, or famines that threaten peoples' lives. Such migrants must usually flee quickly in order to stay alive and cannot bring many items with them. Most intend to return to their homes once the danger has passed. If these migrants move to another part of the same country, they are classified as IDPs. If they cross international borders, they are __________.

Transhumance

The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons is ________.