UNIT 4 - AOS 1 - TOPIC 8 - COMPARING HEALTH STATUS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS COUNTRIES

Classifications

Low, Mid, High

Based on Gross National Index

Based on average income

Characteristics of all income countries

• Environmental

• Social

• Economic

Interact: good infrastructrure (env) supports trade (eco) which funds education (social)

Economic characteristics

• Levels of poverty

• Range of industries

• Average income

• Opportunity for global trade

Social Characteristics

• Gender equality

• Employment levels

• Birth rates and population growth

• Education

• Social security systems

• Health systems

• Legal systems

• Access to technology

Environmental Characteristics

• Access to water and sanitation

• Food security

• Adequate housing

• Co2 emissions

• Adequate infrastructure

What classifies poverty

Extreme poverty is less than 2.15 a day

Human development

• How well people are actually living

• People are the main focus of development

To develop into their full potential

HD (creates an environment in which)

• Participate in community

• Access knowledge, expand choices and capabilities

• Lead productive and creative lives according to interests and needs

• Live long and healthy lives

• Participate in decisions that impact their lives

• Access resources needed for a decent standard of living
  
  
  Equity, opportunities, education, capabilities

Human development indicators

• Life expectancy at birth

• Mean years of schooling

• Expected years of schooling

• Gross national income per capita

Human development dimensions

• A long, healthy life

• Knowledge

• A decent standard of living

HD Advantages

• Simplifies comparisons between countries

• Comprehensive; goes beyond economic factors

• Tracks progress over time

• Influences policy and awareness

HD Limitations

• Incomplete representation (doesnt measure other factors like housing or water)

• Hides inequalities between groups as its based on national averages

• No personal wellbeing data (eg. mental health, social wellbeing)

• Unreliable as some countries measure differently

• Oversimplified, ignores other aspects like freedom

Human Development Index

Developed by United Nations, estimates level of human development using indicators and dimensions

Environmental Sustainability

Environmental sustainability relates to ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

Environmental sustainability considerations

• Biodiversity

• Climate change

• Waste removal and pollution

• Use of natural resources

Social Sustainability

Social sustainability relates to creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, both now and into the future.

Social sustainability considerations

• Equity through the elimination of poverty and provision of SPS

• Peace and security

• Gender equality

• Access to safe and decent working conditions

• Promotion of political and legal rights

Economic sustainability

Economic sustainability relates to ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.

Economic sustainability considerations

• Innovation and diversity of industries

• Job creation

• Economic growth

• Trade and fair

Sustainability

Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Climate Change

Long-term changes in temperature, weather patterns, and extreme weather events, mainly caused by human activities

• Rising Sea Levels

• Changing Weather Patterns

• Extreme Weather Events

Rising Sea Levels

• Health status: diarrhoea, cholera, malnutrition = incidence

• Dimensions: Mental (stress), Physical (illness, displacement), Social (disrupted schooling)

• Human development: less education + jobs = standard of living + opportunities

Changing Weather Patterns

• Health status: mosquito-borne diseases = mortality

• Dimensions: Physical (illness), Mental (anxiety), Social (rural job loss).

• Human development: Unstable weather = less agriculture = less income + education.

Extreme Weather Events

• Health status: BOD death from disasters, prevalence of asthma.

• Dimensions: Physical (injuries, illness), Emotional (trauma), Mental (fear).

• Human development: Infrastructure loss = less healthcare + education = HDI.

Conflict and Mass Migration

Conflict refers to war or armed violence; mass migration is large-scale movement of people due to crises

Conflict

• Health status: injury, disease, deaths from poor services.

• Dimensions: Physical (violence), Mental (PTSD), Spiritual (hopelessness).

• Human development: less education + healthcare = choices, participation.

Mass Migration

• Health status: ↑ disease, ↑ infant mortality, poor sanitation.

• Dimensions: Mental (anxiety), Social (discrimination), Emotional (loss).

• Human development: less access to education, healthcare + human rights.

Increased World Trade

Global movement and sale of goods due to globalisation, including harmful products like tobacco, vapes and ultra-processed foods.

Tobacco Products

• Health status: cancer, heart disease, 8M deaths yearly. = Morbidity and mortality

• Dimensions: Physical (disease), Mental (addiction), Emotional (grief).

• Human development: less income = less education; more illness = less productivity.

E Cigarettes

• Health status: more anxiety, more addiction, long-term damage.

• Dimensions: Physical (lung/heart issues), Mental (mood changes), Emotional (dependence).

• Human development: Affects brain development + limits future opportunities.

Processed Foods

• Health status: more obesity, diabetes, CVD.

• Dimensions: Physical (chronic illness), Social (less participation), Mental (low self-esteem).

• Human development: Illness limits work/education = lower standard of living.

Tourism

Positive Impacts

• Health status: more income = more healthcare access, less death rates.

• Dimensions: Physical (better health), Social (schooling, friendships), Spiritual (cultural pride).

• Human development: more gender equality, more jobs, more education = ↑ HDI.

Negative Impacts

• Health status: more disease spread (e.g. COVID), more pollution.

• Dimensions: Physical (unsafe water), Mental (stress), Emotional (frustration).

• Human development: Weak infrastructure = less services = lower living standards.

Use of digital tools in healthcare to improve access, efficiency and health outcomes.

Positive Impacts

• Health status: Faster diagnosis, less disease + death.

• Dimensions: Physical (health monitoring), Social (online support), Mental (peace of mind).

• Human development: more healthcare access = better standard of living + empowerment.

Negative Impacts

• Health status: more addiction, poor sleep, stress.

• Dimensions: Mental (cyberbullying), Emotional (online harassment), Social (isolation).

• Human development: Online abuse = less rights, less safety, less participation.

HDI

a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development

LONG LIFE – LE

KNOWLEDGE – MEAN AND EXPECTED YOS

DECENT STANDARD - GNI

HD

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests.