Exam 1 Review (1)

Deterrence

Preventing crime through the threat of punishment.

Incapacitation

Removing offenders from society to prevent them from committing further crimes.

Rehabilitation

Providing treatment and support for reintegrating offenders into society.

Retribution

Ensuring punishment is proportionate to the crime committed.

Restoration

Repairing harm done to victims and communities affected by crime.

Law Enforcement

Agencies responsible for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of crimes.

Proactive Policing

Policing strategies that focus on preventing crime before it occurs.

Reactive Policing

Policing strategies that respond to crimes after they have been committed.

Community Policing

A strategy that focuses on building positive relationships between police and the community.

Broken Windows Theory

A criminological theory that suggests maintaining urban environments to prevent crime.

Deterministic Criminality

The belief that criminal behavior is influenced by biological, psychological, or social factors.

Atavism

A concept that suggests that criminals are 'primitive' or 'born criminals' with identifiable traits.

Phrenology

A now-debunked theory that studied the shape of the skull to determine personality traits.

Differential Association Theory

The theory that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others.

Social Disorganization Theory

The idea that crime is concentrated in certain neighborhoods due to social factors.

Strain Theory

The theory that crime occurs when individuals are pressured by society to achieve goals without means.

Agnew’s General Strain Theory

An expansion of strain theory that includes negative life experiences as factors leading to crime.

Containment Theory

A theory that explains why people do not commit crimes, emphasizing internal and external controls.

Neutralization Techniques

Methods used by criminals to rationalize or justify their illegal actions.

Eugenics

A controversial movement that sought to improve the genetic quality of the human population.

Mandatory Minimums

Legal requirements establishing the minimum length of prison time for particular crimes.

Three Strikes Laws

Legislation that enforces harsher penalties on repeat offenders.

Positive Reinforcement

Encouraging desired behaviors through rewards.

Cultural Heterogeneity

Diverse populations with a mix of cultural backgrounds, often leading to weak community ties.

Urban Renewal

A process of improving urban neighborhoods to reduce crime and enhance community wellbeing.