ANES 501 Chemistry Week 1 Exam MASTERY GUIDE 2025: 64 Expert-Curated Q&A with Detailed Rationales, Pharmacological Principles, and Clinical Anesthesia Applications

what is matter?

anything that has mass and takes up space

what are atoms?

the building blocks of matter- protons, neutrons, and electrons

what are protons?

positive charged particle, 1 amu, determines atomic number/identity

what are neutrons?

neutral charge- 1 amu

what are electrons?

negative charged particles

what are ions?

charged atoms or group of atoms, caused by a gain or loss of electrons

what are cations?

positive charged ion

what are anions?

negative charged ions

what is an element?"

has one kind of atom

what is compound?

has multiple types of atoms

what are physical changes?

do not alter the composition- water to ice or to steam

what are chemical changes?

causes a change in composition- burning of gasoline

what is the atomic number?

number of protons- determines the element

what is the neutron number?

number of neutrons (can calculate by subtracting atomic number from atomic mass)

what is the atomic mass?

number of protons and neutrons

how do you find the number of electrons?

will equal protons unless it is charged

what is an isotope?

same atomic number/number of protons but different number of neutrons and different mass

what are the three components of daltons theory?

1. elements are composed of atoms and all atoms of an element are identical 2. compounds are formed by bonding of atoms in a fixed ratio 3. chemical reaction can not create, destroy, or change atoms

what is the periodic table?

groups the elements into functions of their atomic number

what are the vertical columns of the periodic tables?

groups- have similar chemical and physical properties

what are the horizontal rows of the periodic table?

periods

Noble gases?

on the end, are stable with full electron outer cloud

what is the atomic weight?

averages of the AMU of all the isotopes of that element

what are the representative elements?

located on the left and right sides of the table

what are the transitional elements?

between the representative elements

what are the inner transitional elements?

located at the bottom

what are metals?

shiny, ductile, good conductors of heat/electricity

what are nonmetals?

located on the right side of the period table

what are most elements at atmospheric pressure?

solids

what elements are gases at atmospheric pressure?

hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and noble gases

what elements are liquid at atmospheric pressure?

bromine and mercury

what is carbon?

two forms 1. graphite 2. diamond- basis of all organic compounds

what is hydrogen?

most abundant atom- combines with oxygen to make h20 and carbon to form hydrocarbons

what is the most abundant atom?

hydrogen

what is iron?

in its ferrous form binds to oxyen for hgb

what is nitrogen?

basis for amino acids and proteins

what is oxygen?

diatomic gas and accepts electrons to cause oxidation

what is a mole?

quanitity of material- 6.02 x 10 to the 23-

what is the molar mass of a element or compound?"

equal to its molecular weight

what is osmolarity?

(M)- measure of the osmoles of solute per liter of solution- temperature dependent, mol/l

what is osmolality?

(m)- measure of the osmoles of solute per KG of solvent- temperature independent - mol/kg

what do both osmolarity and osmolality do?

reflect number of particles in a solution

what do ionic compounds do in a solute?

dissociate into solution- not a 1:1 ration between molarity and osmolarity

what do nonionic compounds do in a solute?

do not dissociate- have a one to one ratio between molarity and osmolarity

what is oncotic pressure?

colloid pressure- pressure exerted by proteins or large molecules in intravascular space- albumin in main determinant

hetastartch?

large start molecule that keeps fluid in the intravascular space

tonicity?

what happens to a cell when it is placed in a solution

hypotonic?

<260 mos/l; will swell; 1/2 NS 1/4NS 1/3NS

hypertonic?

>340 mos/l, will shrink; D5NS, 3% saline, 5% saline

isotonic?

260-340- no change in cell size; LR, NS, D5W

what is gasoline turned into when it is burnt?

it is a chemical change- converts the hydrocarbon into carbon dioxide and water

what is the abbreviation for atomic number?

Z

what is the abbreviation for the neutron number?

N

what is the abbreviation for the atomic mass number?

A

What is the mass number usually written as?

superscript

what is the atomic number usually written as?

subscript

what are the properties of elements?

periodic functions of their atomic numbers

what group is the halogens?

group 7

what group are the noble gases?

group 8

what group are the alkali metals?

group 1- except hydrogen

what group are the alkaline earth metals?

group 2

what does carbon exist as?

graphite and diamond (allotropes)

what is an ionic compound that dissociated?

NaCl dissociates into Na and Cl- not a 1 to 1 ratio

what is a nonionic compound that does not dissociate?

glucose