Comprehensive Psychiatry Disorders & Treatment Strategies for Nursing

What is Agoraphobia?

Fear of being in open public spaces, feeling vulnerable and unable to escape.

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Agoraphobia?

Marked fear about two or more situations such as using public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, standing in line, or being outside alone, lasting 6 months or more and causing significant distress.

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

Excessive fear of situations where one might be embarrassed or negatively evaluated by others.

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder?

Marked fear in social situations, avoidance of these situations, lasting 6 months or more, and causing significant distress.

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

Preoccupation with perceived defects in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others.

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

Significant distress caused by preoccupation with appearance flaws, leading to repetitive behaviors in response.

What is Trichotillomania?

Recurrent pulling out of one's hair, causing a sense of release or gratification.

What is Hoarding Disorder?

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions regardless of value, often accompanied by excessive acquisition.

What characterizes Panic Disorder?

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, and fear of losing control.

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Panic Disorder?

At least 4 symptoms must be present during a panic attack, including palpitations, shortness of breath, and fear of dying.

What defines Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Presence of obsessions (recurrent thoughts causing anxiety) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety).

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Five or more symptoms during a 2-week period, including depressed mood, loss of pleasure, and significant distress.

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?

Milder than MDD, characterized by depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years.

What are the symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

Depressed mood, anxiety, mood swings, and decreased interest in activities the week before menses.

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?

Depression that occurs during fall and winter months due to reduced light exposure.

What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?

Depressive disorder in children characterized by severe temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation.

What defines Bipolar I Disorder?

Experiencing at least one manic episode along with episodes of depression.

What distinguishes Bipolar II Disorder?

Episodes of depression and hypomania, with more time spent in the depression phase.

What is a Manic Episode according to DSM-5?

Elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least 1 week, with symptoms like grandiosity and decreased need for sleep.

What is a Hypomanic Episode?

Elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least 4 consecutive days, not severe enough to cause social or occupational impairment.

What are the phases of Schizophrenia?

Premorbid, Prodromal, Active, and Residual phases, each with distinct characteristics.

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Schizophrenia?

Two or more symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech for at least 1 month.

What is the significance of the Prodromal phase in Schizophrenia?

It shows developing signs of schizophrenia, and early medication can lead to better outcomes.

What must be ruled out before diagnosing schizophrenia?

Other disorders and substance use.

What is a requirement for diagnosing schizophrenia in a person with autism?

Prominent delusions or hallucinations must be present for at least 1 month.

What characterizes Delusional Disorder?

Presence of implausible delusions for 1 month without hallucinations.

What defines Brief Psychotic Disorder?

Sudden onset of psychotic symptoms lasting at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with a full return to premorbid state.

What is the duration for Schizophreniform Disorder?

At least 1 month but less than 6 months, with a good prognosis if symptoms have a rapid onset and the individual has good social functioning.

What distinguishes Schizoaffective Disorder?

Presence of mood disorder symptoms alongside hallucinations and delusions for at least 2 weeks in the absence of a mood episode.

What nursing intervention is recommended for patients with bipolar disorder during mania?

Implement a structured plan with high-calorie, high-quality finger foods and ensure adequate rest.

What nursing intervention can help a depressed patient?

Encourage a structured plan that promotes getting up, dressing, and socializing.

What is a key nursing intervention for patients with schizophrenia?

Orient the patient to reality and assess what the voices are saying.

What technique is used in systematic desensitization for anxiety?

Gradual exposure to the phobic stimulus using relaxation techniques.

What is the purpose of implosion therapy?

To flood the senses with frightening situations without relaxation training to reduce anxiety.

What types of medications are commonly used for bipolar disorder?

Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and long-acting depot drugs.

What should patients know about antidepressants?

They should take them as prescribed and not stop abruptly.

What indicates that a patient is bipolar rather than depressed when on antidepressants?

Experiencing mania a few days after starting the antidepressant.

What class of medications is used for anxiety disorders?

Antidepressants (SSRIs, buspirone) and anxiolytics (benzodiazepines).

What are some risk factors for suicide?

Being widowed or divorced, financial strain, age (15-24, 35-65), and being a veteran or part of sexual minorities.

What nursing interventions can help prevent suicide?

Identify stressors, explore coping behaviors, provide hope, and identify crisis resources.

What is the most lethal medication class in overdose situations?

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) due to cardiac side effects.

When is a patient most likely to attempt suicide?

During periods of acute stress or when feeling hopeless.

What is the Tidal Model in recovery?

A person-centered approach focusing on the individual's story, emphasizing the value of voice, respect for language, and personal wisdom.

What are the key components of the WRAP model?

The WRAP model includes developing a wellness toolbox, daily maintenance lists, identifying triggers, early warning signs, and crisis planning.

What is the primary focus of the psychological recovery model?

It emphasizes self-determination, hope, responsibility, self-identity, meaning, and purpose.

What are the stages of recovery according to the psychological recovery model?

1. Moratorium, 2. Awareness, 3. Preparation, 4. Rebuilding, 5. Growth.

What are the four pillars of life in recovery?

Health, home, purpose, and community.

What is Sigmund Freud's first stage of development?

Oral stage (0-1 year) where the focus is on oral gratification.

What is the focus of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Satisfying basic needs and developing object permanence from birth to 2 years.

What is the significance of Erikson's stage 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?

It occurs from birth to 18 months and establishes the foundation for trust in relationships.

What is the main idea of Lawrence Kohlberg's postconventional stage?

Behavior is guided by justice and respect for human dignity, occurring in adolescence and beyond.

What are the three components of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Id (instant gratification), Ego (rational decision maker), and Superego (morals and rules).

What is ECT and its primary use?

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used for treatment-resistant depression and other severe mental health conditions.

What are the nursing responsibilities before administering ECT?

Ensure patient is NPO for 6-8 hours, voids before treatment, and administer atropine sulfate or glycopyrrolate.

What should be assessed after ECT?

Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes and orient the patient.

What are common side effects of ECT?

Memory loss and confusion, which usually return to baseline within 6 months.

What is the purpose of crisis planning in the WRAP model?

To gather information on the individual's well-being during crises and identify support systems.

What is the significance of developing a wellness toolbox in the WRAP model?

It helps individuals create a list of skills they have used in the past to relieve symptoms.

What is the role of early warning signs in the WRAP model?

To identify subtle signs indicating a potential worsening situation and develop a response plan.

What is the focus of the rebuilding stage in the psychological recovery model?

Taking action towards goals and implementing strategies for recovery.

What is the importance of transparency in the Tidal Model?

It fosters trust and openness in the recovery process, allowing individuals to share their stories.

What is the role of triggers in the WRAP model?

To identify events that cause distress and develop a plan using tools from the wellness toolbox.

What is the purpose of a daily maintenance list in the WRAP model?

To outline daily activities that support wellness and help maintain mental health.

What is the function of the moratorium stage in psychological recovery?

It represents a period of dark despair and confusion before recognizing the possibility of recovery.

What should be included in crisis planning according to the WRAP model?

Information about the individual when well, symptoms indicating care is needed, and names of supporters and healthcare providers.