WH: Unit 4 Vocab

Primogeniture Laws

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Cartography

The science of making maps

Astronomical Chart

a guide to the stars to help navigation

Maritime Empires

empires based on sea travel

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

trading post empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

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Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

sugarcane

a grassy plant that is a natural source of sugar

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Aztec Empire

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

Inca Empire

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Silver

Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?

Colonies

a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Hacienda system

a system of large agricultural estates that were developed in the Spanish Empire in the Americas.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Joint Stock Companies

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Viceroys

representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

Maratha Empire

The Maratha or Mahratta Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period

Ana Nzinga

17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.

Metacom's War

Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Maroon Wars

enslaved people in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom

Gloucester County Rebellion

The Gloucester County Conspiracy, also known as the Servant's Plot or Birkenhead's Rebellion, is one of the first slave rebellions in America. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Criollos

Spaniards born in the New World

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.

asante empire

grew because of the expansion of maritime empires

zheng he

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Moctezuma II

Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army.

hernan cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

mit’a system

young men were required to work a certain amount of labor (not for public works but private)

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

east india company

an English joint-stock- company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India.

polygyny

the taking of more than one wife

vodun

spirit or deity

-originated with African peoples of Dahomey, Kongo, and yoruba, who were enslaved and living in saint domingue, Haiti

mehmed II

sacked Constantinople (Istanbul); and expanded around the Black Sea and into the Balkans

-tolerant of Jews

akbar the great

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with the Hindus.

qing dynasty

Empire established in China by the Manchus, who overthrew Ming empire in 1644. Last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.

Manchu

A federation of Northeastern Asian peoples who overtook the Ming Empire and eventually founded the Qing Empire

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese general who orchestrated three separate massacres in the city of Jaiding within one month

Liu Liangzuo

han chinese defector who massacred the entire population of Kiangyin

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles "Sun King"

Ivan IV

“Ivan the Terrible” centralized/ expanded the border to the East (with the aid of gunpowder tech)

Timar

a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

harem

a residence where a powerful man’s wives and concubines live

Barbary Pirates

those who plied the seas near North africa along the barbary coast

nobility

the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of these people worked as artisans and in factories; this system was not abolished there until 1861.

santeria

“the way of the saints”

-og an african faith that became pop inn cuba then Latin America n Norh

dahomey

a african society that conducted slave raids that became richer from selling their captives to Europeans