Studied by 20 people
Primogeniture Laws
English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.
Cartography
The science of making maps
Astronomical Chart
a guide to the stars to help navigation
Maritime Empires
empires based on sea travel
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
trading post empire
Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.
Manila
Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Galleons
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Bartholomew Diaz
(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
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Northwest Passage
A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage
Henry Hudson
An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him
Quebec
First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
New Amsterdam
Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"
Smallpox
The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.
horse
Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains
conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
Maize
An early form of corn grown by Native Americans
sugarcane
a grassy plant that is a natural source of sugar
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas
cash crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
African Diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
Kingdom of Kongo
Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
Inca Empire
Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535
New Spain
After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.
Mexico City
Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Hispaniola
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.
Silver
Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?
Colonies
a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.
Indentured Servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
Chattel Slavery
Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.
Encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.
Hacienda system
a system of large agricultural estates that were developed in the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Joint Stock Companies
a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.
East India Company
An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
Monopoly
A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
Syncretism
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
Viceroys
representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire
Maratha Empire
The Maratha or Mahratta Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period
Ana Nzinga
17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.
Yemelyan Pugachev
Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.
Metacom's War
Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
Maroon Wars
enslaved people in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom
Gloucester County Rebellion
The Gloucester County Conspiracy, also known as the Servant's Plot or Birkenhead's Rebellion, is one of the first slave rebellions in America. This event set the stage for many of the slave uprisings that followed in the decades to come.
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.
Criollos
Spaniards born in the New World
Mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
Mulattos
Persons of mixed European and African ancestry
arawak
Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.
asante empire
grew because of the expansion of maritime empires
zheng he
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Moctezuma II
Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army.
hernan cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
mit’a system
young men were required to work a certain amount of labor (not for public works but private)
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
east india company
an English joint-stock- company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India.
polygyny
the taking of more than one wife
vodun
spirit or deity
-originated with African peoples of Dahomey, Kongo, and yoruba, who were enslaved and living in saint domingue, Haiti
mehmed II
sacked Constantinople (Istanbul); and expanded around the Black Sea and into the Balkans
-tolerant of Jews
akbar the great
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with the Hindus.
qing dynasty
Empire established in China by the Manchus, who overthrew Ming empire in 1644. Last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.
Manchu
A federation of Northeastern Asian peoples who overtook the Ming Empire and eventually founded the Qing Empire
Li Chengdong
Han Chinese general who orchestrated three separate massacres in the city of Jaiding within one month
Liu Liangzuo
han chinese defector who massacred the entire population of Kiangyin
Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles "Sun King"
Ivan IV
“Ivan the Terrible” centralized/ expanded the border to the East (with the aid of gunpowder tech)
Timar
a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored
harem
a residence where a powerful man’s wives and concubines live
Barbary Pirates
those who plied the seas near North africa along the barbary coast
nobility
the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.
serf
In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of these people worked as artisans and in factories; this system was not abolished there until 1861.
santeria
“the way of the saints”
-og an african faith that became pop inn cuba then Latin America n Norh
dahomey
a african society that conducted slave raids that became richer from selling their captives to Europeans
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