extinction of species test 2

effective population size

the number of breeders contributing genes to subsequent generations determines how much genetic diversity is lost

Effect population size is lower than actual population size because

population fluctuation, unequal sex ratio, unequal reproductive success

deleterious recessive alleles

a gene that causes harm but only appears in the phenotype when an individual inherits two copies of it

conservation strategies for inbred or low diversity populations

minimize size and duration of population decline, maintain/promote gene flow among populations, intentionally mate individuals from genetically distinct populations

50/500

minimize inbreeding, ensure adaptability

maintaining gene flow

protecting landscapes, reducing fragmentation, habitat corridors

outbreeding depression

the reduced fitness of an offspring that occurs when genetically distinct populations are crossed

introgression

genes from one species are incorporated into the other species due to hybridization breeding

genetic extinction

Fertile hybrids displace one or both parental populations or form hybrid swarm

hybrid swarm

population or species in which all individuals are hybrids to various degrees

hybrid vigor

offspring of different populations have high fitness

species

groups that cannot interbreed, ESA

subspecies

groups below the species level that are on their way to species hood, ESA

distinct population segments

groups below the species level that are discrete (different) and or significant (important), ESA

evolutionary significant units

groups below species level with unique adaptations, not ESA

management units

groups below the species that will not be rescued by other groups, isolated populations, not ESA

bottom up trophic effects

removing species from bottom of food web, declines in species that rely on that species for food

top-down trophic effects

remove a consumer at top of food chain, increase in secondary consumer, decrease in primary producers

competitive release

dominant competitor species is lost, increased in subordinate competitor

carnivores are susceptible to evil sextet

larger body size, high trophic position, large home range, low reproductive rate, complex social structure

3 major ways to provide habitat for wild species

protection, management, restoration

protected area

geographically defined areas which is designated, regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives

2 main roles pf protected areas

represent regions’ biodiversity, separate biodiversity from threat

strict nature reserve

protected areas managed for biodiversity and research

wilderness area

managed mainly for wilderness protection

national park

managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation

national monuments

managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features

habitat management area

managed mainly for conservation through management intervention

protected landscape

managed mainly for landscape conservation and recreation

managed resource protected area

managed mainly for sustainable use of natural ecosystems

what is required for protected areas

select areas, spatial design, management to reduce threats,

advantages of single species management

addresses cause of decline, strong history and methological basis, benefiting ecosystems

Advantages of ecosystem management

address ecosystem level problems, multiple species benefit

role of international institutions

address global conservation issues, exert pressure on uncooperative nations, facilitate sharing cost and benefits of conservation, exchange of information and technology

approaches to international conservation

establishment of international conservation orgs, ratification of international treaties and conventions, development of international biodiversity databases

obstacles to international conservation

limited engagement, conflicting agendas and priorities, large inequities, high costs

role of governments

economic policies, legislation, large scale expensive activities conservation research and education, management publicly owned resources

land trust

right to property stating what can and cannot be done on that land

role of NGOs

provide services to members, and represent members’ views to governments, provide oversight of public institutions, take direct conservation action, flexibility to undertake activities that governments cannot do

problems with traditional protected area model

Conservation too often highly coercive, rooted in colonialism, and prohibitions on resource use sometimes cause impoverishment and suffering. little sense of local ownership, and local government has little capacity to control resource use

sustainable

the use of environmental resources can continue in the long term without harming the environment

development

changes in the use of environmental resources that improve human welfare

sustainable development

resource use that improves human welfare without harming the environment or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

3 components of sustainable development

economic, social, environmental