Honors Biology Final Exam Study Guide

Define the following genetic term: Heterozygous

Organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same gene (Tt)

Define the following genetic term: Dominant

Alleles are always expressed if they’re inheireted

Define the following genetic term: Recessive

Traits are only expressed when an organism inherits a recessive allele from both parents

Define the following genetic term: Allele

Each different form of a gene Ex: Tall or Short

Define the following genetic term: Homozygous dominant -

Both alleles are the same and dominant

Define the following genetic term: Homozygous recessive

Both alleles are the same and recessive

Define the following genetic term: Genotype

The pair of alleles you have for a trait

Define the following genetic term: Phenotype

Description of a trait

Explain the following principle: Principle of Dominance

Some alleles & other alleles are recessive

Explain the following principle: Principle of Segregation

During gamete formation, the 2 alleles for each gene separate from each other, so that each sex cell carries only one allele for each gene

Explain the following principle: Principle of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits separate independently during the formation of gametes, assuming that the genes are on different chromosomes

Describe each of the following inheritance patterns: Incomplete dominance

The phenotype of heterozygous (Aa) organisms is somewhere between the phenotypes of the 2 homozygous varieties

Describe each of the following inheritance patterns: Multiple alleles

There are more than 2 alleles for a trait (human blood types)

Describe each of the following inheritance patterns: Codominance

There are two dominant alleles and they’re both expressed

Describe each of the following inheritance patterns: Epistasis

Occurs when the phenotype expression of one gene is influenced by another gene

Describe each of the following inheritance patterns: Polygenic inheritance

When two or more genes have an additive effect on a phenotype (human skin color)

Use Punnett squares to solve incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple allele, epistasis, and recessive sex-linked genetic problems.

Identify an example of the environment influencing the phenotype of an organism.

Hydrangea flowers - Acidic soil + blue & Basic soil = pink

Use pedigree to understand the inheritance of a trait.

Rule #1: Two affected parents have an unaffected child; it’s dominant

Rule #2: Two unaffected parents have an affected child; it’s recessive

Rule #3: All affected individuals have an affected parent; it’s dominant

Identify 4 characteristic of bacteria that are different from most eukaryotic organisms

Unicellular, lack of nucleus, compartmentalized parts, & smaller the eukaryotes

Identify and describe the structural parts of a virus. Bacilli:

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

Identify and describe the structural parts of a virus. Cocci:

Spherical-shaped prokaryotes

Identify and describe the structural parts of a virus. Spirilla:

Spiral & corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes

Identify 3 functions of the lymphatic system.

Collects excess tissue fluid, picks up fats & fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive tract & transports these nutrients into the bloodstream, and destroys pathogens & cancer cells

Define the term pathogen.

Agents that cause infections.

Identify 5 ways infectious diseases spread.

Droplets in the air, physical contact, exchange of body fluids, contaminated food or water, and infections from bugs/animals

Identify 5 examples of innate or nonspecific first-line defenses.

Skin, mucus, tears, saliva, and stomach acid

Distinguish between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response. Humoral -

Attacks pathogens when they’re outside cells in body fluids such as blood, tissue, & lymph

Distinguish between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response. Cell-mediated -

Immune response that attacks cell infected with virus

Identify the type of white blood cell that makes antibodies.

Plasma cells

Natural active -

You make your own antibodies & memory cells and you don’t get a shot

Artificial active -

you get a shot, and you still make your own antibodies and memory cells

Natural passive -

You’re getting your antibodies from a different organism with no shot

Artificial passive

you’re not making your own antibodies, so you get a shot