vocabulary - musculoskeletal

acetabulum

hip socket

calcaneus

heel

ilium

upper part of pelvic bone

ischium

posterior part of the pelvic bone

malleolus

ankle

mandible

lower jawbone

maxilla

upper jawbone

olecranon

elbow

patella

kneecap

phalanges

finger and toe bones

pubis

anterior part of the pelvic bone

radius

forearm bone- thumb side

scapula

shoulder blade

sternum

breastbone

tarsals

hindfoot bones

tibia

shin bone- larger of the two lower leg bones

ulna

forearm bone- little finger side

vertebra

backbone/spine

acetabulum

rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

acromion

Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.

articular cartilage bone

thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space

bone

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

cartilage

flexible, rubbery connective tissue. it is found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces

collagen

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues

compact bone

hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion on bones

condyle

knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

cranial bones

skull bones; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

diaphysis

shaft, or mid-portion, of a long bone

disk

flat, round, plate-like structure. an intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae

epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

epiphysis

each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate

facial bones

bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

fissure

narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones

fontanelle

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

foramen

opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

foramen magnum

the opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

fossa

shallow cavity in a bone

haversian canals

minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone

malleolus

round process on both sides of the ankle joint. the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum; articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

metaphysis

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate

olecranon

large process of the on the proximal end of the ulna: the point of the flexed elbow

osseous tissue

bone tissue

ossification

process of bone formation

osteoblast

bone cell that helps form bony tissue

osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

periosteum

membrane surrounding bones: rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

phosphorus

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

pubic symphysis

area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis. they are joined by a fibrocartilaginous disk

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

ribs

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall

sella turcica

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

sinus

hollow air cavity within a bone

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

suture

immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium)

temporomandibular joint

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

trochanter

large process at the neck of the femur; attachment site for tendons of the hip musculature

tubercle

rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons

tuberosity

rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons

vertebra

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal

xiphoid process

lower, narrow portion of the sternum

yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

ewing sarcoma

rare malignant tumor arising in bone: most often occurring in children

exostosis

bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

fracture

traumatic breaking of a bone

osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts

osteomalacia

softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

osteoporosis

decrease in bone density (mass): thinning and weakening of bone

talipes

congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)

articular cartilage

smooth glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

articulation

any type of joint

bursa

sac of fluid near a joint promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

ligament

connective tissue binding bones to other bones supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint

suture joint

immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull

synovial cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

synovial joint

a freely movable joint

synovial membrane

tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid

tendon

connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

arthritis

inflammation of joints

ankylosing spndylitis

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

gouty arthritis (gout)

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

osteoarthritis (OA)

progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

bunion

enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

dislocation

displacement of a bone from its joint

ganglion

fluid-filled cyst arising from joint capsule or tendons, typically in the hand

herniation of an intervertebral disk

abnormal pertusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerve

lyme disease (Lyme arthritis)

disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise: cause is a bacterium carried by a tick

sprain

trauma to a joint without rupture

systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs

flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb

extension

increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body