Theo Flashcards 3/13

Renaissance

A cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement in Europe during the 14th to the 17th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.

Rebirth

The meaning of the term 'Renaissance,' signifying the revival of classical antiquity's art, culture, and intellectual achievements.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian polymath of the Renaissance, known for works such as the 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper.' He made significant contributions to art, science, anatomy, and engineering.

Michelangelo

Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet, famous for works like the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David.

Hieronymus Bosch

Dutch painter known for his surreal, fantastical works, including 'The Garden of Earthly Delights,' exploring themes of sin and human folly.

Sandro Botticelli

Italian painter, best known for works like 'The Birth of Venus' and 'Primavera,' representing idealized beauty and classical mythology.

William Shakespeare

English playwright and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in English. Famous works include 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Hamlet', and 'Macbeth'.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric view and revolutionizing astronomy.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and physicist known for improvements to the telescope and support of the Copernican heliocentric theory.

Kepler

German mathematician and astronomer who formulated laws of planetary motion, supporting the heliocentric model.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher and statesman, considered the father of the scientific method, emphasizing an empirical approach to knowledge.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Italian diplomat and philosopher known for his political treatise 'The Prince', exploring power and pragmatism in leadership.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition resulting in the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese navigator who, under the Spanish crown, made voyages to the Americas in 1492.

Exploration (1300-1600)

Period of European exploration and expansion, marked by voyages leading to the discovery of new lands.

Shift to Individual Economy

Transition from a communal, feudal economy to a market-driven economy focusing on profit.

Consolidation of Royal Power

Process during the Renaissance when monarchs centralized authority, reducing feudal lords' power.

Sponsorship of the Arts

Wealthy individuals in Italy sponsored artists and intellectuals, promoting flourishing art and science.

Rediscovery of Classical Texts

Renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts during the Renaissance.

Education and Printing Press

Demand for education increased, aided by the printing press, making books cheaper.

Humanism

Intellectual movement during the Renaissance emphasizing human values and classical learning.

Anthropocentrism

Belief that humans are the central focus of the universe, emphasizing human experience.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Dutch humanist and theologian who criticized the Church, promoting reform through education.

Vulgate Bible

The Latin translation of the Bible by St. Jerome, becoming the official Bible of the Western Church.

John Wycliffe

English theologian who believed the Bible should be available in the vernacular.

Girolamo Savonarola

Dominican friar who preached against Church excesses and oversaw the 'Bonfire of the Vanities'.

Theatines

Religious order founded to reform the clergy and provide support for members.

Pope Paul III

Pope who initiated the Counter-Reformation, calling the Council of Trent.

Jan Hus

Bohemian priest and reformer who criticized Church practices and was executed as a heretic.

Ximenes de Cisneros

Spanish cardinal known for reforming the clergy and promoting biblical studies.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement in the 16th century that sought to reform the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s document challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences.

Indulgences

Practice in the Catholic Church allowing people to buy forgiveness for sins.

Leipzig Debate

A 1519 debate between Luther and Johann Eck clarifying Luther’s theological views.

Diet of Worms

The 1521 assembly where Martin Luther was asked to recant his writings.

First Diet of Speyer

In 1526, an assembly allowing German princes to decide on Lutheranism bans.

Second Diet of Speyer

In 1529, an assembly reaffirming Lutheran reform tolerance without violence.

Augsburg Confession

The 1530 document that defined the Lutheran Church's main theological beliefs.

Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose their territory's religion.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer who differed from Luther in his view of the Eucharist.

Marburg Colloquy

A 1529 meeting between Zwingli and Luther to discuss theological differences.

John Calvin

French theologian who established Calvinism, emphasizing predestination and scripture.

Calvinism (TULIP)

Theological system based on Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints.

Arminianism

The theological system opposing Calvinism, emphasizing free will.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestant group rejecting infant baptism, believing it should be conscious.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage.

Church of England

Protestant church founded by Henry VIII after breaking with the Catholic Church.

39 Articles

Set of doctrinal statements defining the beliefs of the Church of England.