Theo Flashcards 3/13

1. The Renaissance: A cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement in Europe during the 14th to the 17th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times, characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning and values.

Rebirth: The meaning of the term "Renaissance," signifying the revival of classical antiquity's art, culture, and intellectual achievements.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Italian polymath of the Renaissance, known for his works such as the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper." He made significant contributions to art, science, anatomy, and engineering.
Michelangelo: Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet, famous for works like the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David.
Hieronymus Bosch: Dutch painter known for his surreal, fantastical works, including "The Garden of Earthly Delights," which explored themes of sin and human folly.
Sandro Botticelli: Italian painter, best known for works like "The Birth of Venus" and "Primavera," representing the idealized beauty of the human form and classical mythology.
William Shakespeare: English playwright and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language. Famous works include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth.
Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric view and revolutionizing astronomy.
Galileo: Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, best known for his improvements to the telescope and his support of the Copernican heliocentric theory.
Kepler: German mathematician and astronomer who formulated laws of planetary motion, supporting the heliocentric model.
Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman, considered the father of the scientific method. He emphasized empirical, experimental approach to knowledge.
Niccolò Machiavelli: Italian diplomat and philosopher, known for his political treatise The Prince, which explored the use of power and pragmatism in political leadership.
Hernán Cortés: Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century.
Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, though he did not survive the entire journey.
Christopher Columbus: Genoese navigator who, under the Spanish crown, made voyages to the Americas in 1492, opening the Americas to European exploration and colonization.
Exploration (1300-1600): The period of European exploration and expansion, marked by voyages that led to the discovery of new lands, the spread of Christianity, and the exchange of goods.
Shift to Individual Economy: Transition from a communal, feudal economy to a more individualistic, market-driven economy, where people focused on profit and personal wealth.
Consolidation of Royal Power: Process during the Renaissance when monarchs centralize authority, reducing the power of feudal lords and consolidating wealth and control.
Sponsorship of the Arts: Wealthy individuals, especially in Italy, sponsored artists and intellectuals, promoting the flourishing of art, science, and literature during the Renaissance.
Rediscovery of Classical Texts: The Renaissance brought a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts, leading to a revival of classical knowledge in fields like philosophy, literature, and science.
Education and Printing Press: The demand for education increased, aided by the invention of the printing press, which made books cheaper and more widely available, spreading knowledge to a broader audience.
Humanism: An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the value of human beings, focusing on classical learning, individualism, and secular subjects.
Anthropocentrism: The belief that humans are the central focus of the universe, emphasizing human experience and reason as essential to understanding the world.
Erasmus of Rotterdam: Dutch humanist and theologian who criticized the Church and emphasized reform through education and returning to the original scriptures. His works, like Handbook of the Christian Soldier, influenced later reformers.
Vulgate Bible: The Latin translation of the Bible, produced by St. Jerome in the 4th century, which became the official Bible of the Western Church.
John Wycliffe: English theologian and reformer who believed the Bible should be available in the vernacular and that the Church's authority should be based solely on scripture. He also challenged the practice of indulgences.
Girolamo Savonarola: Dominican friar in Florence who preached against the excesses of the Church and society. He oversaw the "Bonfire of the Vanities," where people burned items considered immoral. He was eventually executed.
Theatines: Religious order founded to reform the clergy and provide mutual support for members. Focused on renewal within the Catholic Church during the Renaissance.
Pope Paul III: Pope who initiated the Counter-Reformation, calling the Council of Trent to address Church abuses and doctrinal issues.
Jan Hus: Bohemian priest and reformer who criticized Church practices like indulgences and transubstantiation. He was condemned at the Council of Constance and executed as a heretic.
Ximenes de Cisneros: Spanish cardinal who reformed the clergy and was known for his scholarship, founding the University of Alcalá and promoting biblical studies.
Protestant Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that sought to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant denominations. Key figures include Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Martin Luther: German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses, challenging Church practices like indulgences and the sale of salvation.
95 Theses: Martin Luther’s document posted in 1517, challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences and calling for reform within the Church.
Indulgences: A practice in the Catholic Church where people could buy forgiveness for sins or reduce time in purgatory. Luther strongly opposed this practice.
Leipzig Debate: A 1519 debate between Martin Luther and Johann Eck, which helped to clarify Luther’s theological views and further develop his break with the Church.
Diet of Worms: The 1521 assembly where Martin Luther was asked to recant his writings but refused, resulting in his excommunication from the Catholic Church.
First Diet of Speyer: In 1526, an assembly allowed German princes to decide how to implement the bans on Lutheranism until a church council could be convened.
Second Diet of Speyer: In 1529, an assembly reaffirmed that Lutheran reform would only be tolerated if it did not involve violence or force.
Augsburg Confession: The 1530 document that formally defined the position of the Lutheran Church, outlining key theological beliefs and practices.
Peace of Augsburg: The 1555 treaty that allowed German princes to choose whether their territories would be Catholic or Lutheran, legalizing the division of Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire.
Ulrich Zwingli: Swiss reformer who differed from Luther in his approach to the Eucharist, rejecting the idea of Christ’s presence in the sacrament. He also emphasized sola scriptura.
Marburg Colloquy: A 1529 meeting between Zwingli, Luther, and other reformers to discuss theological differences. They could not agree on the nature of the Eucharist.
John Calvin: French theologian and reformer who established Calvinism. He believed in predestination and the centrality of scripture, influencing the Reformed tradition in Europe.
Calvinism (TULIP): A theological system based on five principles:

Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints

Arminianism: A theological system that opposed Calvinism, emphasizing free will and the belief that humans can resist God’s grace and that Christ died for all people.
Anabaptists: A radical Protestant group that rejected infant baptism, believing that baptism should only be for those who could consciously choose to follow Christ. They also rejected the authority of the state and established separate communities.
Henry VIII: King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church when the Pope refused to annul his marriage. He established the Church of England.
Church of England: A Protestant church founded by Henry VIII after his break with the Roman Catholic Church, with the king as its supreme head.
39 Articles: A set of doctrinal statements that defined the beliefs of the Church of England, balancing Catholic traditions and Protestant theology.