Legislative Processes Exam 1

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Descriptive representation

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38 Terms

1

Descriptive representation

whether a legislature’s membership reflects the diversity of backgrounds and interests in society

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2

Substantive representation

when legislators consciously act as agents for constituents and their interests--an activity that can be performed regardless of background or group memberships

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3

a lawmaking institution and an assembly of local representative

What is the dual nature of Congress?

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4

institutionalization

the increasing of Congress’s organizational complexity

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5

legislative workload, institutional size, conflict with the executive branch, members’ partisan interests

What are some of the important factors that have driven the institutional development of Congress?

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6

granted the Speaker secure control over the order of business and strictly curbed the minority party’s ability to obstruct the majority party’s floor agenda

What did Reed’s Rules (1890) do?

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7

the congressional career, professionalization, and constituency demands have all increased

How has the job of the legislator evolved?

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8

recruitment

What is the social and political process through which people seek and win leadership posts?

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9
  1. Age (25 in House, 30 in Senate)

  2. Citizenship (7 years in House, 9 years in Senate)

  3. Residency (in state from which officeholder is elected)

What are the qualifications for holding Congressional office?

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10

method of equal proportions

What is the mathematical formula that is utilized to determine House apportionment?

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11

state legislatures

Who is fundamentally responsible for carrying out redistricting processes?

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12

malapportionment and gerrymandering

What are two problems surrounding districting?

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13

partisan gerrymandering, pro-incumbent gerrymandering, racial gerrymandering

What are the different types of gerrymandering?

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14

time, money, and energy; privacy; a winnable contest; willingness to be harsh; policy/political message

What are some of the issues raised when one makes the decision to run for office?

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15

trustee

When thinking about representation, what type of representative follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions?

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16

delegate

When thinking about representation, what type of representative believes that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents.?

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17

dyadic representation

What type of representation emphasizes the individual relationship between you and your member?

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18

collective representation

What type of representation describes the relationship between Congress and the US as a whole (it considers whether institution itself represents the American people, not just whether a particular member represents his/her district)?

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19

legislator, constituency servant, and partisan

What are the three congressional roles undertaken by most members of Congress?

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20

supporters (the reelection constituency), loyalists (the primary constituency), and intimates (the personal constituency)

When candidates or incumbents analyze their electoral base, what are the three constituencies they discern?

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21

person-to-person style

What style to presenting one’s self does a candidate use when relying upon knowing constituents by name and meeting with them in small, face-to-face groups?

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22

issue-oriented approach

What style to presenting one’s self does a candidate use when they hold many town hall events where they articulate and defend their stance across a range of hot-button topics (convey the impression that they are activist, engaged in issues their constituents view as important)?

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23

collective action dilemma

What is a situation in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work referred to?

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24

Speaker of the House

What is the only leadership position in Congress whose existence and method of selection is mandated by the Constitution?

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25

Hassert Rule

What rule states that the Speaker will not put a bill forward without support from a majority of the party?

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26

conditional party government

What theory states that a Speaker will be strong when you have:

  1. preference homogeneity within the party

  2. distinct policy differences between the parties?

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27

the majority leader

Who is the party’s floor leader?

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28

whips

Which Conregressional position encourages party discipline, counts votes, and, in general, mobilize winning coalitions on behalf of partisan priorities?

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29

seniority, parliamentary expertise, can you competently communicate your party’s agenda, gender balance

How do members typically decide who to place in leadership?

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30

organizing, scheduling, consulting

What are the institutional tasks of leaders?

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31

organize the party, promote party unity and views, campaign assistance

What are the party tasks of leaders?

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32

Blue Dog Democrats, Republican Study Committee, Tea Party Caucus, Congressional Black Caucus

What are a few informal party groups that hold power in Congress?

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33

gerrymandering and better partisan sorting

What are the sources of polarization in Congress?

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34

caucus or conference

What is the organization of all partisans in a chamber called?

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35

intensity of party conflict, persistence of two-party system, advent of new coalition-building practices

What are a few features of the contemporary party system on Capitol Hill?

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36

megabills (omnibus bills)

What is legislation that is hundreds or thousands of pages in length, encompassing disparate policy topics called?

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37

respecting other branches’ internal operations (executive privilege, congressional procedure)

What are interbranch “no-fly zones”?

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38

Reconstitutive change

What are rapid and enduring shifts in fundamental dimensions called?

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