Exercise physiology lecture 5

What is the point of the endocrine/nervous system?

To control

Do women have more testosterone or estrogen?

testosterone

Why do things like pregnancy blockers and tren take multiple sessions to kick in?

They are lipid soluble hormones

Since vitamin D is lipid soluble what is it considered?

a hormone

What is the base for a steroid hormone?

cholesterol/lipid

Can steroid hormones diffuse into the cell? If so, why or why not?

Yes, they are lipid soluble

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

Aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, and estrogen

What is the base for nonsteroid hormones?

amino acids

Can nonsteroid hormones enter cells? If so why or why not?

No, they are water soluble

How do steroid hormones send signals?

They bind to receptors on the outside of a cell, and that releases a second messenger to carry out the task

What type of hormones only have first messengers?

Steroid hormones

Why do steroid hormones only have first messengers?

They diffuse directly into the cell

Why do nonsteroid hormones have second messengers?

They cannot diffuse into cell, so second receptors release into the cell to complete the action

How do hormones cause change in the body?

They roam in blood till they find their proper receptors

What does negative feedback do?

Return the body to homeostais

What does positive feedback do?

Pushes the body farther from homeostasis

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

Growth/GH, Follicle stimulating/FSH, Luteinizing/LH

What does growth hormone GH do?

Promotes growth/maintains organs, bones, etc

What stimulates the release of growth hormone?

Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH

What does FSH/LH do?

Causes release of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

What hormone would you use as a puberty blocker?

GHRH

How does excessive GHRH inhibit puberty?

It decreases androgen production

What can occur if a women exercises too much without proper nutrient supplementation?

Amenorrhea

Why can a women experience amenorrhea if they exercise without proper nutrient supplementation?

The brain inhibits FSH because the body cannot support a baby

What hormone(s) are released from the adrenal gland? (no SNS)

Cortisol

Is cortisol a slow acting or fast acting hormone?

Slow acting

Why is cortisol a slow acting hormone? (base wise)

It is a lipid base

What does cortisol do in the body?

Suppresses immune system, promotes/catabolizes protein breakdown, promotes/catabolizes fat breakdown

Why does cortisol inhibit immune system and breakdown fat/protein?

To increase energy in the body during stressful situations

Why might you get sick at the end of a stressful semester?

Cortisol suppressing the immune system

What are the steps to stimulating the release of cortisol?

Corticotropic hormone (CrH) goes to adrenal medulla, releasing ACTH

What hormone(s) are released from the adrenal glands with SNS intervention?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What does epi/norepi do?

Increase HR, increases contractility, bronchodilate, vasoconstricts/increases BP, catabolize fat tissue, muscle/liver break down glycogen

What is contractility?

How hard the heart beats, more contractility allows for more blood to be pumped in the body

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine organ?

Both

What hormone(s) are released from the pancreas?

Insulin and glucagon

What cells produce insulin?

Beta

What cells produce glucagon?

Alpha

If blood sugar rises what hormone increases?

Insulin

If blood sugar decreases what hormone increases?

Glucagon

What does glucagon target?

Liver

Why does glucagon target the liver?

It converts glycogen into sugar through glycogenolysis and releases the sugar

Is the endocrine system interconnected? Why or why not?

No, all glands are isolated but can influence each other

What releases hormones to the anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus

When is testosterone highest?

The morning

What causes the increase in glucose during this exercise?

Cortisol releases fat and protein that then gets converted into sugar

Why is insulin decreasing during while this person is working out?

The GLUT-4 exercise pathway is being used

When is ATP highest?

At rest

When is AMP highest?

While exercising

What does cAMP do?

Promotes sugar breakdown, stopping storage of glycogen

What does active synthase do?

Turns glucose into glycogen

What does active phosphorylase do?

Breaks down glycogen into glucose

How does adding a phosphate affect phosphorylase?

It actives it

How does adding a phosphate affect synthase?

It deactivates it

Do active synthase and phosphorylase run at the same time?

No

Why don’t active synthase and phosphorylase run at the same time?

It is not energy efficient

What hormone is made in the kidney?

Erythropoietin/EPO

Where does EPO go?

The red bone marrow in the epiphysis of bone

What does EPO do?

Stimulates RBC production to increase O2 transport

What stimulates EPO production?

A decrease in O2 in the blood

Why does EPO production occur in the kidney?

Kidneys filter all the blood so they constantly detect O2 levels

Why would someone train in high altitude, what affects would it have?

To increase EPO and have increase O2 transport at regular altitude

How often do all RBCs get cycled through?

Every 4 months

What are the four main hormones of exercise?

Epi/norepi, cortisol, and glucagon

What is not hormone of exercise?

Insulin

As exercise intensity increases what happens to hormonal response?

It increases

How would glycogen depletion affect the body?

Decreased ability to perform exercises

If glycogen falls too low what would be used to supplement it? And what hormone is would do it?

Fat and protein, cortisol

If you increase the rate of exercise intensity with low glycogen, how is RER affected and why?

RER increases because carbs are burning

Which line has higher intensity?

A

What is an estimated RPE for line A?

15 or more

What is an estimated RPE for line B?

8-10

Which line is using more carbs?

A

Which line has more epi/norepi?

A

Which line has higher insulin levels?

B