Gut Microbiota and Brain Health

A compilation of key terms and definitions related to gut microbiota and its impact on brain health for exam preparation.

Gut microbiome

The genomes of microbial species that inhabit the gut, exceeding the number of human genes.

Dysbiosis

An imbalance in the gut microbiome, often resulting from poor diet or health.

Bacteroidetes

One of the two major phyla of bacteria predominant in the human gut microbiome.

Firmicutes

The other major phylum of bacteria found in the human gut, alongside Bacteroidetes.

Germ-free mice

Mice that are raised in a sterile environment free of all microbes, used to study the gut-brain axis.

Vagus nerve

A single nerve that connects the gut and brain, playing a key role in gut-brain communication.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

Metabolites produced by gut bacteria from fermented fiber, crucial for gut health and influencing brain function.

Neuroanatomical pathway

The connections between neural structures, such as those linking the vagus nerve to the gut.

Microglia

Immune cells of the brain that act as defenders and are involved in neuroinflammatory processes.

Astrocytes

Glial cells in the brain that support neurons, maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis, and modulate inflammation.