Mastering multiple choice immunity

B cell receptors are:

surface antibodies

B cells present antigens to helper T cells via __________________

class II MHC molecules

Which effect of vaccination is essential for future response to viral infections?

production of memory cells

Cytotoxic T cell receptors recognize:

MHC class I molecules

Which of the following is not true about the cytotoxic T cell response?

Cytotoxic T cells are activated when their surface antibody binds to an antigen.

3 multiple choice options

The step that follows helper T cell activation is:

clonal expansion

Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens bound to _____ whereas helper T cells recognize antigens bound to _____.

class I MHC, class II MHC

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class II MHC proteins

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD8

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

all nucleated cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8

Also known as the adenoid, is the most superior tonsil and is located in the posterior nasal cavity:

the pharyngeal tonsil

What are the potential side effects of removing the thymus in a newborn?

Removal of the thymus in a newborn will stop T cell maturation, leading to severe dysfunction in the entire immune system.

What is a function of reticular connective tissue?

form "nets" to trap pathogens

Compared to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries__________.

are blind-ended

The major lymphatic vessel that drains the right inferior side of the body is the __________.

thoracic duct

Which of the following functions is not associated with the lymphatic system?

Transport of gases

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the lymphatic system?

regulation of calcium ion concentration in the blood

3 multiple choice options

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as:

lymph

What vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?

lymphatic vessels

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the:

right arm

Which lymph trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs?

subclavian trunks

All of the following are true statements EXCEPT:

The cells of lymphatic capillaries are tightly joined

3 multiple choice options

What is the main role of macrophages present in the lymphatic tissues?

phagocytosis

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the:

tonsils

What type of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) is located in the ileum (last portion) of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

What mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) traps pathogens entering the nasal and oral cavities?

tonsils

Where are pathogens filtered from lymph?

lymph nodes

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?

house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes

If the thymus shrank and stopped making hormones in a child, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of:

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Cell-mediated immunity is to T cells as antibody-mediated immunity is to ___________.

B cells

Which of the following are not proteins of the immune system?

antigens

3 multiple choice options

A paper cut can allow bacteria to enter your tissue because it disrupts __________.

a surface barrier

Which of the following characteristics is associated with innate immunity?

Rapid response

Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the:

first line of defense.

What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?

innate immunity

Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?

acquired immunity

Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense?

antibody

3 multiple choice options

What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?

lymphocytes

Which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system?

thymus

Adaptive, or specific, immunity consists of antimicrobial proteins and certain cells that respond quickly to pathogens within the first 12 hours after exposure.

false

1 multiple choice option

Immunological memory can be formed by exposure to an antigen which is remembered by specific leukocytes and circulating antibodies.

true

1 multiple choice option

Surface barriers, such as the cutaneous and mucous membranes, provide innate immunity against pathogens.

true

1 multiple choice option

Mae was diagnosed with neutropenia, an insufficient level of neutrophils in the blood. How will her body respond to fighting certain pathogens?

The deficiency of neutrophils will decrease her ability to fight off bacterial infection.

Jenny, a patient in a nursing home, develops a fever unexpectedly. You are about to call her doctor when a co-worker tells you to just administer aspirin to reduce the fever. What should you do?

You should contact the doctor because an unexpected fever indicates that there is an underlying cause of the inflammation that may need to be investigated further.

Which is not a type of granulocyte?

monocyte

Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell of the immune system?

basohpil

Fever is initiated by chemicals called__________.

pyrogens

Which of the following symptoms is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

fever

Which of the following is a non-phagocytic cell?

basophil

Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?

Macrophages trigger the release of interferons.

What type of non-phagocytic cell mediates inflammation?

basophil

Which of the following is NOT a cytokine involved in innate immunity?

opsonins

Mary's mosquito bite is red, warm, and swollen, indicating she is experiencing the effects of:

the inflammatory response.

A high level of pyrogens will reset the body temperature to a higher range by acting on the:

hypothalamus

---- Molecules present exogenous antigens, those originates outside the cell and must be taken into the cell by phagocytosis.

Class II MHC

----- Molecules are found on all body cells and present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

Class I MHC

--- Forms pores in, or perforates, the target cell's plasma membrane.

Perforin

Imagine a poison is developed that can change the genes for the self-antigens displayed in class I MHC molecules in the cells of the kidney. What effect would this poison have on an individual?

If the self-antigens were changed, the cells will most likely be recognized by the TC cells as foreign and the TC cells will attack and destroy the kidney cells.

Class I MHC molecules are found on__________.

all nucleated cells

You are looking at the contents of a cancer drug and notice interleukin-12. What is the role of interleukin-12?

stimulates helper T cells

Class I MHC molecules __________.

activate cytotoxic T cells

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

thymus

Activated helper T (TH) cells or cytotoxic T (TC) cell clones differentiate into:

effector cells and memory T cells.

What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell's DNA?

perforins

What is a determinant for organ compatibility and rejection of transplants?

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

Self antigens usually generate an immune response in our own bodies.

false

1 multiple choice option

T cells directly interact with antigens without other cells involved.

false

1 multiple choice option

----- Are unique sequences of amino acids responsible for antigen recognition and binding; top of light chain

The variable regions

How critical would it be if an individual had a disorder that prevented the development of memory cells?

The individual would never develop immunological memory or a secondary immune response.

A patient who has hypogammaglobulinemia, a disorder exhibiting a decrease in the secretion of IgG, would experience

prolonged duration and increased the severity of the infections from many different types of pathogens.

While working construction you are injured and are taken to the emergency room. While there you receive injections of both tetanus antitoxin, which contains antibodies to the tetanus toxin, and tetanus antigens. Which injection provides you with active immunity?

The tetanus antigen stimulates your immune system to produce its own antibodies, and in turn, provides active immunity.

The last step of B cell activation is__________.

plasma cells secrete antibodies

Found in secretions such as breast milk and saliva.

IgA

The only antibody that can cross the placenta from mother to fetus.

IgG

The first antibody secreted upon exposure to an antigen.

IgM

The only antibody not secreted in significant amounts by B cells.

IgD

Binds mast cells and basophils, facilitating inflammation.

IgE

The most prevalent antibody, which is able to cross the placenta, is __________.

IgG

Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response.

B cell clones recognize its specific antigen.

B cells develop and mature in the:

bone marrow

Clonal selection occurs when:

B cells activate

Activated B cells differentiate into:

plasma cells and memory B cells

Which of the following secrete antibodies?

plasma cells

What part of an antibody is responsible for antigen recognition and binding?

variable (V) regions

The clumping of cells that are cross-linked by their attachments to antibodies is known as:

agglutination

Mrs. Sanchez had a great deal of inflammation after her recent surgery. The inflammation was triggered by the antibody known as:

IgE

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit:

a primary immune response.

Which of the following confers passive immunity?

breast milk

B cell proliferation occurs when an antigen binds to a B-cell receptor on the surface of a specific B-cell clone.

false

1 multiple choice option

Vaccinations elicit a primary immune response so that secondary immune responses are rapid and symptoms are mild.

true

1 multiple choice option

A lack of memory cells mainly affects the primary immune response.

false

1 multiple choice option

What does a fever usually indicate?

A fever is indicative of an inflammatory response somewhere in the body.

Response by neutrophils and macrophages and subsequent activation of B cells and TH cells will most likely indicate__________.

bacterial infection

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.

TH cells

What cells decline in number during the final phase of HIV-1 infection, when an individual is said to have AIDS?

TH cells

When a person has an autoimmune disorder, antibodies are secreted that bind to:

self antigens.

Immunodeficiency disorders can result from a failure of one component of the immune system.

true

1 multiple choice option