What groups of Native peoples are visualized when people say "Cowboys and Indians"?
Great Plains Peoples
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2
When were the struggles of Sutter's Mill, and what were they about?
1848/49 Gold Rush
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3
What area does the Great Plains cover?
grasslands in middle America and up into Canada, as well as south into Texas
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4
What ecological features are characteristic of the Western Plains/High Plains?
Grasslands, Little surface water, few trees, pronghorn, bison
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5
What ecological features are characteristic of the Eastern Plains/Prairie?
Widely spaced broad valleys of east flowing rivers, well wooded, fewer bison
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6
As a result of the different ecological features, what type of lifestyle was more common in the Prairie?
Settled Farmers
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7
Winters in the north plains are _____ and summers in the south are _____.
colder, hotter
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8
Rainfall ranges from _____.
8-20 inches per year
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9
The Plains are arid and dry (T/F)
False
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10
The Plains are windy and snowy. (T/F)
True
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11
What conditions did farming depend on in the Plains?
At least 8 inches of rainfall and 100 frost free days
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12
When did most anthropology fieldwork take place for Great Plains people?
after reservation confinement
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13
A considerable amount of information on traditional Great Plains society from the white perspective exists. Who recorded it?
Missionaries, travelers, and early explorers
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14
Serious Anthropological study on Great Plains people was conducted beginning in the ______
1880's
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15
Three prominent anthropologists who studied Great Plains culture
Grinnell, Dorsey, and Mooney
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16
The early anthropologists who studied Great Plains people, worked with those who had ______ _________ _________
lived traditional lifestyles
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17
How many tribes pre-Oklahoma relocation are thought to be "Great Plains Peoples"?
32
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18
How many major language groups were present in the Great Plains?
6
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19
Settled Farmers spoke either ________ or ________
Caddoan or Siouan
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20
Bison hunters of the North spoke ___________
Algonquian languages
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21
What language group migrated from the Northwest into the Great Plains?
Northern Uto-Aztecan
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22
There were Athabaskan languages in the Great Plains. (T/F)
True
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23
Bison Hunting Tribes
Blackfoot, Gros Ventres, Crow, and Kiowa
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24
Farming Tribes along the Mississippi
Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara
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25
General political structure of Great Plains Groups.
tribes and chiefs with councils
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26
Two types of chiefs
Peace and War
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27
War chiefs were ______ men and Peace chiefs were _______ men.
younger, older and wiser
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28
High Plains small political unit
band
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29
Bands were led by a ________
headman
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30
Many bands came together during the _____ ___________ ________.
buffalo hunting season
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31
What were bands usually composed of?
nuclear or extended family?
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32
High plains people were _______, and Prairie people were more __________.
mobile, sedentary
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33
What kinds of homes did Prairie peoples build?
large earth covered houses
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34
________ was the most important structure in the Great Plains?
Kinship
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35
Sexual division of labor was strict in the Great Plains. (T/F)
True
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36
Why did women accompany their husbands on raids?
to steal horses
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37
What was the primary economic focus of Great Plains groups?
Bison
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38
What animals other than bison were utilized in the Great Plains?
pronghorn, deer, elk, birds, and rabbits
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39
_______ were trapped by hand and their feathers taken for religious ceremonies and personal adornment.
Eagles
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40
What kinds of plant foods were utilized by Great Plains peoples?
Berries, roots, and prickly pear cactus fruits
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41
What are some common items plant materials were used for?
baskets, cradleboards, and utensils
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42
In the movie "A Blackfeet Encounter," it was noted that the Blackfeet may have once numbered how many?
None were noted
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43
Plains nomads had both religious and practical injunctions against over-hunting. (T/F)
True
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44
According to the article "The Nomadic Experiment," (Isenberg 2000) some early explorers believed that the Plains nomads were the "most independent Indians in the world." (T/F)
True
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45
According to the article, "When Black Elk Speaks, Everybody Listens" (Powers 1990), when some Natives were leaving to join "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show," they sang death songs in the belief that they might not come home. (T/F)
True
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46
According to the article, "When Black Elk Speaks, Everybody Listens" (Powers 1990), when Black Elk was a boy, he went by the name of "Crazy Horse." (T/F)
False
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47
According to the article, "When Black Elk Speaks, Everybody Listens" (Powers 1990), Black Elk only proselytized to other Lakota. (T/F)
False
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48
According to the article, "When Black Elk Speaks, Everybody Listens" (Powers 1990), Black Elk and other Native Americans joined "Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show" in part because they were bored with life on the reservation. (T/F)
True
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49
According to the article, "Black Elk Speaks: Chapter 3 The Great Vision," who initially came to Black Elk in his "great vision?"
Two men
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50
According to the article, "Black Elk Speaks: Chapter 3 The Great Vision," which of the "six old men" (Grandfathers) represented the Power of the North?
The second
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51
In the "Blackfoot Lodge Tale" (Grinnell) "Origin of the Medicine Pipe," who is it that first gave the Blackfoot their medicine pipe?
Thunder
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52
Where did horses first evolve?
North America during the Pleistocene era
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53
Where were horses first domesticated?
The Old World
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54
When were horses re-introduced into North America?
1540's
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55
Who re-introduced horses to the Americas?
The Spanish
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56
What years are considered "The Horse Culture Period" for Great Plains Peoples?
1540- 1880
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57
Which tribes were among the first to receive horses from the Spanish?
Apache and Ute
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58
Which tribes already had horses when they met white people in the Great Plains?
Blackfoot tribes of the northwestern Plains, the Piegan, Blood, and North Blackfoot
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59
How did Great Plains peoples hunt bison before horses?
Dug holes and drove bison into them
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60
Plains Indians acquired horses in the middle of the period of climatic change known as the ______ ___ ___
Little Ice Age
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61
Trade on the northern Plains post-horses was almost without exception a trade between _______ and ___________ peoples.
nomadic, horticultural
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62
The nomadic-horticulture pattern of exchange in place well before the arrival of the horse. (T/F)
True
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63
Prior to the arrival of the horse large groups of people inhabited the Great Plains. (T/F)
False
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64
Before the horse what was the most successful subsistence strategy?
full-time farmers who could venture onto the Plains seasonally to hunt bison
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65
Bison hunting populations __________ after the advent of the horse in North America
Studied by 2 people
Note 
Flashcard (59)