Mexican Revolution

Ch. 1-2

Peninsulares

100% Spanish.

Creoles

Spanish descent, born in Mexico.

Mestizos

Mixed Spanish + Mexican descent.

Ejidos

Ancestral land from Native Americans.

Haciendas

Privately owned land for the rich, had own currency + employed landless peasants + slaves.

Hacendados

Landowners of haciendas, rural elite.

Rancheros

Landowners raising cattle and animals.

Sharecroppers

Farmers living and farming landowners' land.

Porfiriato

Era of Porfirio Díaz’s presidency (1877-1910).

Rurales

Police force / guard, powerful during Porfiriato.

Científicos

Intellectuals and influential politicians.

Technocrats

Technical experts (e.g., economists, bankers, engineers).

Dedazo

Nepotism where politicians pick successors.

Caudillos

Rural leaders commanding armed forces.

Clientelism

System relying on personal favors and loyalty.

Ley fuga

Law allowing shooting of suspects escaping custody.

Paternalism

Treating people like little kids, guiding decisions, and disciplining their behavior.

Positivism

Philosophical idea of power in science and modern technology to progress.

Social mobility

Movement throughout social classes.

Debt peonage

Forced work to pay off debt.

Caciquismo

Economic and political privileges in Porfiriato for rural leaders supporting Díaz.

Proletariat

Working class, mostly factory workers.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class.

Sedation

Encouraging resistance against established government.

Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)

Opposition party against Porfiriato.

National Anti-re-election party (PNA)

Opposition party against Porfiriato formed by Madero.

Plan de San Luis Potosí

October 1910 plan by Madero to reform Mexico + overthrow Díaz.

Plan de Ayala

November 1911 plan by Zapata against Madero + agrarian reform.

Plan de Guadalupe

1913 plan by Carranza against Huerta.

Guerrilla warfare

Warfare against established military using ambush/sabotage techniques.

Zapatistas

Zapata’s followers.

Villistas

Villa’s followers.

Carrancistas

Carranza’s followers.

Ten tragic days

Violent last days of Madero presidency, coup against Madero.

Aguascalientes convention

October 1914 meeting of leaders to discuss the future of Mexico.

Constitutionalists

Carranza’s and Obregón’s side + ideologies.

Conventionists

Villa’s and Zapata’s side + ideologies.

Regionalists

Loyalty to a region/piece of land.

Mercantilism

Idea trading brings wealth, maximizes exports and minimizes imports.

Article 3

Free, secular, mandatory education.

Article 27

Land reforms.

Article 123

Labour rights.

Article 71, 72, 76

Increasing presidential power.

Article 83

No re-election (limit term to 4 years).

1909

Madero left PLM and created PNA → got sent to jail

Plan de San Luis Potosi

October 1910

Nov 1910

Plan de San Luis Potosi began gaining momentum

May 1911

Diaz fled Mexico

Plan de Ayala

Nov 1911

Plan de Guadalupe

1913

Maderito

1911-1913

Dec 1911

Cotton factory strikes

Ten tragic days

Feb 9th - 18th 1913

Huerta came to power

20th Feb 1913

Jan 1914

Zapata’s letter to Villa

Dec 1914

Villa had army of 40,000

August 1914

Huerta’s defeat

Aguascalientes convention

Oct 1914

December 1915

Carranza controlled Northern Mexico

July 1916

Constitutionalists overwhelmed Zapata’s forces

August 1916

Zapata’s army reclaimed Morelos

May 1st 1917

Carranza won election