Mexican Revolution

Peninsulares - 100% Spanish

Creoles - Spanish descent, born in Mexico

Metizos - mixed Spanish + Mexican descent

Ejidos - ancestral land from Native Americans

Haciendas - privately owned land for rich, had own currency + employed landless peasants + slaves

Hacendados - landowners of haciendas, rural elite

Rancheros - landowners raising cattle and animals

Sharecroppers - farmers living and farming landowners land

Porfiriato - era of Porfirio Díaz’s presidency (1877-1910)

Rurales - police force / guard, powerful during Porfiriato

Científicos - intellectuals and influential politicians

Technocrats - technical experts (ie. economists, bankers, engineers)

Dedazo - nepotism where politicians pick successors

Caudillos - rural leaders commanding armed force

Clientalism - system relying on personal favours and loyalty

Ley fuga - law allowing shooting of suspects escaping custody

Paternalism - treating people like little kids, guiding decisions, and disciplining their behaviour

Positivism - philosophical idea of power in science and modern technology to progress

Social mobility - movement throughout social classes

Debt peonage - forced work to pay off debt

Caciquismo - economic and political privligaes in Porfiriato for rural leaders supporting Díaz

Proletariat - working class, mostly factory workers

Bourgeoisie - middle class

Sedation - encouraging resistance against established gov

Mexican Liberal Party (PLM) - opposition party against Porfiriato

National Anti-re-election party (PNA) - opposition party against Porfiriato formed by Madero

Plan de San Luis de Potosí - Oct 1910 Plan by Madero to reform Mexico + overthrow Díaz

Plan de Ayala - Nov 1911 Plan by Zapata against Madero + agrarian reform

Plan de Guadalupe - 1913 Plan by Carranza against Huerta

Guerrilla warfare - warfare against established military using ambush / sabotage techniques

Zapatistas - Zapata’s followers

Villistas - Villa’s followers

Carrancistas - Carranza’s followers

Ten tragic days - violent last days of Madero presidency, coup against Madero

Aguascalientes convention - Oct 1914 meeting of leaders to discuss future of Mexico

Constitutionalists - Carranza’s and Obregón’s side + ideologies

Conventionists - Villa’s and Zapata’s side + ideologies

Regionalists - loyalty to a region / piece of land

Mercantilism - idea trading brigns wealth, maximise exports and minimise imports

Article 3 - free, secular, mandatory education

Article 27 - land reforms

Article 123 - labour rights

Article 71, 72, 76 - increasing presidential power

Article 83 - no re-election (limit term to 4 years)