Onramps Bio Unit 3

significance of Miller-Urey experiment

It predicted how the planet transferred from abiotic to biotic. It mimicked early earth and showed how biomolecules were made.

How does the model show early earth conditions

It can replicate lightning

Why is it important to predict the effect of introducing oxygen into the electrode chamber

There are oxidation reactions occurring, and it is important that it start with no O2 because it proves photosynthetic evolution.

Which are more closely related? Bacteria, archea, and eukarya

Archea and Eukarya

which are prokaryotic: Eukarya, bacteria, or archea

Bacteria and archea

How did membrane bound organelle evolution occur?

A large prokaryote swallowed a smaller (aerobic or photosynthetic) prokaryote

Why did the mitochondria come first?

The mitochondria is in all eukaryotes and the chloroplast is only in plants.

What DNA does archea and bacteria have

plasmid: circular chromosome

What type of DNA do plants and animals have?

chromatin in the nucleus

What ribosome structure does bacteria have

70s

Location of respiration for bacteria and archea

cytoplasm

Location of respiration for plants and animals

mitochondria

cell wall of bacteria

peptidoglycan

cell wall of archaea

No peptidoglycan, Typically no outer membrane, Pseudomurein

cell wall of plants

cellulose

flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

endoflagella

a special flagellum of spirochetes that spirals tightly around a cell, rather than protruding from it

pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

Fimbriae

small appendages that allow the cell to stick to things

nucleoid region

The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.

5 molecules that diffuse freely

CO2, O2, ethanol, steroids, fatty acids, water (slowly)

How does saturated fatty acids affect the membrane

more rigid

why is cholesterol a fluidity buffer

it can make the membrane fluid in low temps and make it solid at normal temps

facillitated diffusion

process that moves materials from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels or carriers; does not require energy

channel proteins

allow for rapid flow of ions, have a shape change

carrier proteins

specific molecules bind, changing protein shape

what molecules use facilitated diffusion

sugars, amino acids, proteins, ions, water

how does heat affect diffusion

faster

how does H pump affect pH

decreased outside cell because there are protons being pumped outside

Na/K pump makes how many of each ion

3 Na out and 2 K in

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

peptide endocrine signals require

cell surface receptors due to polarity and protein

steroid signals require

internal receptors because it's a lipid

ion channels

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse and a receptor

ligand-gated ion channel

Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.

voltage-gated ion channels

Channels that open or close in response to a change in the membrane potential.

mechanical gated channels

respond to physical changes

light gated channels

open in response to light

What types of cells are eukaryotic

Plant, animal and fungal, protist cells

When and how did Hooke observe cells

1665, with thin slices of cork

Who came up with the cell theory?

1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann

Cell theory

1. Cells are the most basic fundamental unit of life that can do all the functions of life (reproduction, metabolism, growth, response, and homeostasis).

2. All organisms are composed of cells.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

2. All organisms are composed of cells.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

When was earth estimated to be created

4.5 billion

first cells on earth were

heterotrophic bacteria that used glycolysis metabolism to consume molecules for energy

Unicellular Eukaryotes

yeast and protists

Where is DNA found

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

Where is RNA found

nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast

autocrine signaling

the target cell is also the secreting cell

paracrine signaling

Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.

endocrine signaling

A type of long-distance signaling in animals that utilizes hormones.

direct contact signaling

(juxtacrine) directly adjacent cells communicate

Three types of cell response

Change in charge across the membranemembrane potential, change in metabolism or change in gene expression