BY 124L Hormones and Glands

Hypothalamus

Produce Oxytocin and ADH

Release nothing!

Posterior Pituitary

Produce nothing!

Release Oxytocin and ADH

Anterior Pituitary

Produce and Release Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Testes

Produce and Release Androgens (Testosterone)

Ovary

Produce and Release Progesterone and Estrogen (Estradio)

Pineal

Produce and Release Melatonin

Thymus

Produce and Release Thymosin 

Thyroid 

Produce and Release Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Calcitonin

Parathyroid

Produce and Release Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Pancreas

Produce and Release Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin

Adrenal

Produce and Release Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Androgens (Testosterone), Glucocorticoids (Cortisone), Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Oxytocin

Smooth muscle contraction in the uterus (female)

Constricts ducts in breast to allow milk flow (female)

Smooth muscle contraction during ejaculation (male)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Water conservation via the kidney collecting duct becoming more permeable to water

Growth Hormone

Elongation of the long bones, puberty growth spurt

Prolactin

Milk production (female)

Increases potency of testosterone (male)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follicle / Egg development (female)

Sperm development (male)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Triggers ovulation on Day 14 of menstrual cycle (female)

Production of testosterone by Leydig cells (male)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Production and release of T3 and T4 from thyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Production and release of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Darkens the skin after UV exposure

Androgens (Testosterone)

Facilitates proper sperm production

Maintains secondary sex characteristics: hair pattern, upper chest development, vocal cord lengthening and thickening, enlargement of genitalia during puberty

Progesterone

Keeps uterus lining in a thickened state during pregnancy

Causes abortion of fetus if levels drop below optimal

Estrogen (Estradiol)

Facilitates proper follicle development

Maintains secondary sex characteristics: hair patterns, fat deposition around mammary glands, fat deposition in hips, pelvic girdle bones shallowing and widening

Melatonin

Regulation of circadian rhythms

Increased levels cause sleepiness

Thymosin

Stimulates development of lymphocytes / T cells by thymus

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Regulate metabolism

Low levels result in lethargy, weight gain

More potent

Thyroxine (T4)

Regulate metabolism

Low levels result in lethargy, weight gain

More prevalent 

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels when too high

Causes excess calcium to be stored in the bones

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Raises blood calcium levels when too low

Causes bone breakdown

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels when too high

Causes conversion of glucose into of glycogen in liver 

Produced by beta cells in Islets of Langerhans 

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels when too low

Causes breakdown of glycogen stored in liver

Produced by alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans

Somatostatin

Inhibits insulin and glucagon when blood sugar is optimal

Produced by delta cells in Islets of Langerhans

Epinephrine

Fight or flight response

Shunts blood away from the digestive system in favor of the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and lungs

Produced by medulla of Adrenal gland

Norepinephrine

Fight or flight response

Shunts blood away from the digestive system in favor of the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and lungs

Androgens (Testosterone)

Regulates the libido

Glucocorticoids (Cortisone)

Reduces inflammation

Raises blood glucose levels by breakdown of lipids and proteins

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

increases sodium reabsorption by kidneys, leading to greater water retention and increased blood pressure

Pituitary Gland only

stores hormones, does not produce

Lack of iodine causes 

goiter- visibly enlarged thyroid gland