11+D-Cardiovascular+Physiology

ECG Electrode Leads

There are three standard leads (I, II, III) that detect electrical potential changes in the frontal plane, with specific placements for bipolar detection.

Lead I

An ECG lead between the right arm and left arm electrodes; the left arm is positive.

Lead II

An ECG lead between the right arm and left leg electrodes; the left leg is positive.

Lead III

An ECG lead between the left arm and left leg electrodes; the left leg is positive.

Myocardial infarction

A condition where the blood supply to certain areas of the myocardium is obstructed, leading to muscle tissue death.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain that may radiate to other areas like arms, neck, or back, often lasting more than 20 minutes.

Symptoms of heart attack

Includes sweating, anxiety, fainting, dizziness, nausea, and palpitations.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and valves, usually due to a blood infection.

Mitral stenosis

A heart valve disorder characterized by the mitral valve not opening fully, restricting blood flow.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A hormonal mechanism regulating blood pressure through blood volume adjustment.

Baroreceptor reflex

A fast, neural mechanism that regulates arterial pressure through stretch receptors in carotid sinuses.

Capillary function

Capillaries facilitate the exchange of substances through thin endothelial cell layers, allowing selective permeability.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A hormone that reduces blood volume and systemic blood pressure by inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion.

Lymphatic system function

Returns excess filtered fluid and protein to circulation, maintaining fluid balance in the body.