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Antigen
Substance that is specifically recognized by adaptive immune system
Immunogen
Substance capable of causing an adaptive/immune response
at least 10 kDA to be recognized by immune system
100 kDA: effective/potent immunogen
Effectiveness: most to least
Proteins > Carbohydrates > Nucleic Acids > Lipids
Immunogenicity
Ability of an antigen to stimulate a host response and is influenced by:
Age
Dose and Route of Exposure
Health status
Genetics
Epitopes
Antigenic determinant
B-cell recognition: precise molecular shapes/configurations (linear epitope [amino acids on a single polypeptide chain]/ conformational epitope [folding of 1 or more polypeptide chains])
T-cell recognition: peptide sequences (linear epitope only)
Haptens
Substances that are too small to be recognized by B-cells but can stimulate an immune response if combined with a larger molecule
Antigenic only, not immunogenic
Adjuvants
Substance that enhances the immune response/immunogenicity
Aluminum Salts: The only vaccine adjuvant currently licensed by FDA
Autoantigens
Ag that belong to the host (self Ag)
Do not evoke immune response under normal circumstances
Alloantigens
Ag from other members of host’s species and capable of eliciting an immune response
Transplants & blood transfusions
Heteroantigens
Ag from other species
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
System of genes that code for cell surface molecules that play an important role in Ag recognition
found in short arm of chromosome 6
Human Leukocytes Antigens (HLAs)
Other name for MHC
MHC Molecules
Determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and accepted by the recipient; serve as carriers of peptide antigens for T-cell recognition
found on the surface all nucleated cells
development of humoral and cellular immunity
Class I MHC
Binds to endogenous antigens
found on loci: A, B, C
CD8
composed of:
alpha chain
beta-2 microglobulin (B2M)
Abundant on:
LYMPHs
Myeloid cells
Inadequate on:
Hepatocytes
Sperm
Class II MHC
Present on APCs
Binds to exogenous antigens
found on loci: DR, DQ, DP
CD4
Composed of
alpha chain
beta chain
Abundant on:
Dendritic cells
Ankylosing Spondilitis
Disease associated with HLA-B27
Goodpasteur Syndrome
Disease associated with HLA-DR15
Grave’s and Hashimoto’s Disease
Disease associated with HLA-DR3
Myasthenia Gravis
Disease associated with HLA-B8 & HLA-DR3
Multiple Sclerosis
Disease associated with HLA-DR2
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Disease associated with HLA-DR4
Systematic Lupus Erythematosus.
Disease associated with HLA-DR3.