Biochemistry Chapter 1

4 biomolecules found in nature

Amino acids, nucleotides, simple sugars, fatty acids

Higher order structures of biomolecules

macromolecules

Proteins

Polymer of amino acids

Nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides

Polysaccharides

Polymers of Glucose

Triacylglycerols

Lipid macromolecules formed by the coolant link of three fatty acids to a glycerol

metabolic pathways

organization of macromolecules and enzymes which enables cells to coordinate and control complex biochemical processes in response to available energy

Metabolic pathways function within

membrane bound cell organelles

Cell specialization allows

signal transaction mechanisms that facilities communication between cells

97% of most organisms consists of which 6 elements?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Trace elements required for life primarily as cofactors for proteins

Zinc, iron, manganese, copper, and cobalt

Essential Ions play a role in cell signaling

Calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium

Carbon is how many times more abundant in the human body then the Earth’s crust?

100 times

Tetrahedral geometry bond angle

109.5

Amino group

-NH3+

Hydroxyl group

-OH

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Phosphoryl Group

-PO3(-2) contains one P=O bond

Carboxyl group

-CO2(-) one C=O

Methyl

-CH3

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins and form polypeptide chains

Nucleotides consist of

nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T, or U), five membered sugar, and one to 3 phosphate groups

Simple sugars have an empirical formula of

CH2O and are called carbohydrates

amphipathic

both has polar and non polar properties in the same molecule

Fatty acids consist of

carboxyl group (polar) attached to a hydrocarboon chain (non polar)

Saturated

No double bonds, filled with H

Unsaturated

Double bonds

Fatty acids exist primarily as

Phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipids are made of

polar charged phosphoryl group head and two fatty acid tails

Metabolite

A biological molecule that serves as both a reactant and a product in biochemical reactions in cells

Metabolic Flux

Rate at which reactants and products are interconverted in a metabolic pathway

Linear metabolic pathway

reaction generates only single product ( reactant in next reaction)

Forked Pathway

generate two products each of which undergoes a different metabolic fate

Cyclic pathways

several metabolites that regenerate during each turn of the cycle (serve as reactants and products)

Ligand

Binds to target proteins and alters their structure to control biological processes

snRNA

RNA processing

Micro RNA

regulate gene expression and mRNA translation

Transcription

Collection of DNA transcripts

Proteome

collection of proteins

Coding strand

DNA sequence Exactly same as mRNA sequence

template strand

DNA strand that forms complementary base pairs with mRNA strand

orthologous genes

genes that are conserved across species

Paralogous genes

genes that share similar sequences within a species