Elementary Statistics - Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to exploring data with tables and graphs, including definitions of statistical terms and concepts.

Population

The entire group from which a sample is drawn.

Sample

A subset of the population selected for analysis.

Voluntary Response Sample

A sample consisting of individuals who choose to participate, often leading to bias.

Quantitative Data

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

Categorical Data

Data that can be classified into categories but cannot be measured.

Simple Random Sample

A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Frequency Distribution

A table that shows how data points are distributed across different categories.

Histogram

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data using bars to show frequencies.

Outliers

Data points that lie significantly outside the range of the majority of the data.

Class Limits

The smallest and largest values that can belong to each class in a frequency distribution.

Class Midpoints

The values that lie at the center of each class interval.

Class Width

The difference between two consecutive lower class limits in a frequency distribution.

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A running total of frequencies through the classes of a frequency distribution.

Relative Frequency Distribution

A distribution that shows the proportion or percentage of each class frequency relative to the total.

Normal Distribution

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution defined by its mean and standard deviation.

Skewness

A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.

Dotplot

A simple graphical display of quantitative data where each data value is represented by a dot.

Stemplot

A graphical method for displaying quantitative data where each value is divided into a stem and a leaf.

Time-Series Graph

A graph representing data points collected or recorded at successive points in time.

Bar Graph

A graphical representation of categorical data using bars to show frequency.

Pareto Chart

A bar graph where categories are arranged in descending order of frequency.

Pie Chart

A circular statistical graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.

Frequency Polygon

A graph using line segments to connect points that represent the class midpoints of each class.