Human geography- regenerating places

Rebranding

Remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide post industrial functions like leisure, retailing and tourism.

Regenerating

Process of improving a place by making positive changes like knocking down derelict buildings and building new ones (redevelopment) and improving building(renewal) or improving image of a place through publicity and redesign( reimaging)

Re imaging

Creating a new image or reputation for an area to attract new investors.

What are the 4 economic sectors

1. Primary- extracting raw materials

2. Secondary- processing raw materials

3. Tertiary- providing device

4. Quaternary- information based services e.g research and development.

What is partime/fulltime employment

Number of hours fulfilled per working week - part time is less than 35 years

What is temporary/permanent employment

Concerns the type of contract that’s been offered and signed. Uncertainty around Covid lead to temporary workers

What is employed/self employed employment

Concerns who is the employer , more risk in being self employed due to economic uncertainty and changes in governance.

What’s the Clark fisher model

Shows the percentage of people in different sectors of the economy over time. This is known as economic sector balance

How does Clark fishers model represent economic sectors in the pre industrial time

Primary sector is the most dominant to due to majority of people working in agriculture/subsistence farming and the associated skill set doesn’t facilitate progression to secondary sector work

Education isn’t widely available

Majority live in rural areas so urbanisation hasn’t occurred yet

How does Clark fishers model represent economic sectors in industrial period

Primary sector is decreasing as industrialisation leads to more factories being built and other other infrastructures like transport network. This leads to increase in jobs in secondary sector and more rural to urban migration

Large scale investment in TNCs

Secondary behinds to decline near the end of the period as tertiary sector increases. Country becomes more developed.

How does the Clark fishers model represent economic sectors in post industrial period

Primary and secondary sectors decline due to mechanisation, difficult working conditions and low pay

Tertiary sector increases as more services are being demanded due to rural urban migration so more teachers and doctors needed.

More demand for higher paying jobs due to increase in education and.

Global shift leads to reduction in secondary sector as it has been outsourced and raw material imported.

Rise in quinary sector

What’s the quinary sector

Branch of country’s economy where high level decisions are made by top level executives on government, industry and education

A subdivision of tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, scientist, gov officials.

Retail - functions of place

In this zone shops are available selling a range of goods to customers

Administrative functions of a place

The area includes local authority offices who run the local services and make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for surrounding areas.

Tend to be urban areas that influence the region surrounding them e.h Manchester’s influence in the North West.

Industrial - functions of places

Goods are manufactured in factories air and noise pollution tend be high e.g Sheffield is known as Steel City

Commercial- functions of a place

Area contains shopping centres and recreation facilities such as sports centre and cinemas which provide services for people.

Why would a place’s dominant function change over time?

Function of a place changes over time as economic needs change:

• Increased used of online banking especially during COVID-19, has lead to some places losing their retail function

• Industrial land in Middlesbrough declined over last 50 years due to factory closures in iron and steel industry.

• Reading has a larger commercial function as large TNCs have bases there e.g. Microsoft and Intel

Why will demographics of a place change when a function of a place changes?

• New functions attract different peoples e.g.older/younger, more qualified workers

• Places experiencing economic growth attract young people and becomes more ethnically diverse

• Ethnic composition changes over time due to migration of people from different countries

How has Readings demographic changes over time?

Due to its developing commercial function and so its economic growth, its demographic has resulted in younger, more economically active people moving e.g. 30% of its population are 26-45.

65.4% of its pop is white British compared to Middlesbrough 84% so attracts economic migrants.

How has Middlesbrough’s demographic chnaged over time

Economic decline of the area as led to more older and retired people living there e.g. 38% of its population is over 46

84% of its population is White British.

What is gentrification

A change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location. The movement of middle class people into rundown suburbs so improves areas image and houses, for example Salford Quays in Greater Manchester.

What’s an advantage and disadvantage of gentrification

Advantage: improves areas image and houses e.g. Salford Quays in Greater Manchester.

Disadvantage: increase in property value so displaces original poorer residents e.g. Portland Road in Notting Hill used to be deprived and run down but now houses sell for £2 million.

How does physical factors affect regeneration and shaping places

Coastal erosion e.g Happisburgh Norfolk where 250m land eroded in 250 years. Weather- flooding in Shrewsbury Wilshire- flood defences.

Change influences government decisions e.g farming in Devon and Cornwall changed landscapes and not close to large urban and economic cities.

Location - closeness to large cities and core economic areas (core periphery model)

Environment- how attractive the place is

How does Accessibility and connectedness change places and regenerating them

Transport - motorways and railways changed importance of different towns and corridors. Connection increased tourism and migration in an area. HS2 in London to Manchester and beyond open up new jobs.

Easier access means businesses attract more skilled workers and trade goods in new ways

Historical development in shaping and regenerating places

Tonnes- transition town , local currency which helps businesses to grow and encourage investments and supports local cultural attraction as well as retaining it.

Decline of London dockyards to high end financial hub. Changes in consumer wants so decline of high streets and increased use of online shopping.

Decline of primary and secondary sectors. Economy moves towards tertiary and quaternary based economy - more affluuent and highlypaid pop so greater demand for leisure and tourism activity. E.g pubs and holiday homes.

Local and national planning in shaping places

Government wants to expand urban areas , rural villages as result are being over run, plans to increase infrastructure , homes and railways. Bicester outlet village

Negative impact- increased house prices and congestion

Government policies of restructuring UK economy- equalise negatives and benefits .

1990s policies increases number of students to go to univerisity.

Government planning regulations prevent development in green belt.

Local authorities have a duty to find suitable land for new housing in UK. Estimates suggest 1,2 million houses needed.

Other factors shaping places

Development of technology and communications to other places makes it cost effective and changes character of places.

How might geographers measure change within places

Land use changes, RICE POT. Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Entertainment, Public building, Open space, Transport, Services,

Levels of deprivation (IMD)

What’s the IMD

Index of multiple Deprivation- overall relative measure of deprivation with 7 different domains.

Quantifies deprivation for small areas in Uk.

What are the advantages on IMD

Holistic approach which uses more than one factor some factors having more weight than others e.g. employment and income

What are the disadvantages of IMD

Doesn’t show change over time, out of date, doesn’t show degrees of deprivation or variations within a borough,crime only carries 9.3% weight which is an issue

What is the IMD of Newham

In the top 20 most deprived local authorities in UK and by 2015 it has been removed from the list. 2010- 31% being highly deprived to 8%.

Reasons for regenerating the docklands in east London

1. River silted so larger boats have difficulty reaching boats. Docks moved to Tilbury

2. Containerisation so fewer dock workers needed

3. Decline in manufacturing means port side industries closed down 1978-83 12,000 jobs lost

4. Low quality houses and tower blocks built in 1950s to replace damaged houses in WW2

5. Inadequate structures of roads, rails, telephones and cable lines

6. 18.5% pop. Decline in area 71-81

History of east London in 1880-1920s

Thousand of cargoes of grain, fruit, veggies,meat unloaded near quayside and stored in warehouses.

Employment opportunities increased creating high demand for accommodation for workers so new settlements

History of east London 1939-1945

Royal docks damaged in WW2 from German leaders to disrupt war efforts from Britain. Destroyed its warehouses and factories from producing arms

History of east London 1960-181

Industrial decline of docklands due to containerisation meaning larger ships couldn’t travel as far as the royal docs so lead to its closure and therefore massive amount of unemployment across east London.

Unemployment as less dock workers needed to unload ships 60% men unemployed. Last dock open is Tilbury.

History of east London 1980-2020

1981- London Docklands Development Corporation(LDDC) formed with objective of regenerating and finding new uses for former docks of London. At work for 17 years.

What has LDDC achieved by 1988

Social: 24,046 homes built, 85,000 workers in London docklands

Economic- 100mn pounds spent in healthcare and education, 25 mn sq feet of commercial floor space built with 2700 businesses trading

When did regeneration of Stratford take place

Newham was part of the 2012 Olympic regeneration approved in 2005

What are social reasons to why Stratford needed regenerating.

Population decline in 1930- 90s due to many joining army in WW2.

Closure of industries and docklands lead to high rates of unemployment. High crime rates and poor healthcare and education.

What are economic reasons as to why Stratford needed regenerating

Low economic growth, less workers so no tax to local councils can’t invest in infrastructure such as education and transport.

What regeneration took place in Stratford

Athletes village provides 2800 homes

Olympic stadium used by public and schools

Queen Elizabeth Olympic park - 100 hectares of open space and natural habitats for tourist attraction

International Quarter which is an office building provided 25,000 jobs

Contaminated water and soil cleaned up

What was International Olympic Committee’s role (IOC) in the regeneration of Stratford

Aim to urbanly transform east London

Rejuvenate a560 road

What was the national governments role in regeneration of Stratford

London docklands development corporation (LDDC)- managed Olympic Park 350 hectares of derelict land turned into sports and residential facilities and Queen Elizabeth park . Creates 8000 new homes and 40,000 jobs .

East bank development project brought £1.5 billion to local economy and 2500 jobs

Olympic Delivery authority(ODA)-responsible for sports venue construction and funding transport for Games. Transformed 2800 homes at end of Games. Built Olympic stadium and legacy facilities for cycling and swimming. Cleaned sites and planned use linking parks to other areas. WORK FOR 1600 FIRMS SO 46000 jobs created.

What was the role of local government in the regeneration of Stratford

Mayor of London- Development of transport networks ,extensions of London Underground Jubilee Line and Docklands Light Railway(DLR) which supported growth of Stratford and increased connectivity, consultation and partnerships its local community . Boris Johnson.

Transport for London- £6.5 billion investment of transport around Olympic Park. Physical accessibility on transport with steps. Extending underground line.

What was investors role in regenerating Stratford

Investors invested £1 million in Carpenters Estate so 125 houses built. Businesses contribute to commercial hub. Business Park project was invested in by £ 1.1 billion. Investment attract businesses so provides services and jobs. Makes Newham attractive to live in, business parks with improved infrastructures. TNC bring in lots of FDI crucial for funding large scale projects.

What were tourists role in Regeneration of Stratford

Supports local firms, hotels and borough revenue. Increased footfall- no of people in area. Promotes cultural exchange . More spending in firms allows more funding for regeneration projects. Enhances reputation so attracts more tourist .

What was local residents role in regenerating Stratford

Part of demolition scheme, involved in consultation and providing feedback to align with communities needs. Lead to many houses being built but house prices rose by 100% and 39% were affordable. Helped with construction of 11,000 homes

What was the role of environmentalists in regeneration of Stratford

Pushed for cleanup in contaminated industrial sites which lead to 350 hectares being reclaimed. £ 100 million investment to make council homes in Newham more energy efficient

Background information of St Austell

18th century- tin mines were the greatest in the world

19th century-clay mining took over and increased economic growth

2000s town became outdated and underwent £75 million development process

Social reasons why St Austell needed regenerating

Depopulation - youth moving out for better job and education opportunities.

High proportion of people with no qualifications- 81.8%

63.6% economically inactive.

Economic reason for St Austell regeneration

Low wages of £329.30 which is 25% lower than UK average.

Deindustrialisation-decline in agriculture, exhaustion of tin mines and negative multiplier effect.

Housing prices increased by 144% between 2000-2009

Seasonal unemployment

Environmental reasons why St Austell needs regeneration

St Austell Resilient Regeneration (SARR)-reduce flood risk and so reduce coastal erosion, increases investment. Vacant, derelict land can be used for open green spaces

What’s the biggest issue facing the countryside

Increase house prices due to second home owners ,mechanisation , cheaper imports so increases competition, low wages, depopulation

What was the population of St Austell like?

Aging population, most in their 50s higher than Uk average. No job opportunities so youth move away. No young people so low birth rate. Old people move to countryside for retirement. O universities so youth move out for better educational opportunities.

What’s the core periphery model for the UK

Highlights how economic, political and cultural activities are in core areas like London and Manchester but periphery areas like st. Austell lack resources ,opportunities, public services and transport so more likely need regeneration

What’s studentification

Social and environmental changes made to an area by a large number of students moving into an area because of the universities.

What problems does studentification have in Cornwall,,

What problems does studentification have in Cornwall

Traffic congestion, noise and air pollution, rise in house prices, antisocial behaviour disturbs locals

Describe the cycle of deprivation for rural areas

How does international and global influences shape socioeconomic characteristics of places?

TNCs relocate in areas creating jobs and increasing economic growth. E.g. Microsoft in East London

Global shift leads to deindustrialisation - 60% of men unemployed in 1970 in Newham

Eu policies prior to Brexit:

EU Objective One programme in Cornwall ,funded CUC and super fast Broadband.

Free movement of people gave Eu citizens the right to travel live and work in any EU country.

Free movement

How did Eu shape places in UK

Eu policies prior to Brexit:

EU Objective One programme in Cornwall ,funded CUC and super fast Broadband.

Free movement of people gave Eu citizens the right to travel live and work in any EU country.

Free movement of goods without import or export tax in any Eu country.

Global competition caused decline of tin mining of Cornwall due to cheaper tin overseas.

What’s collective identity

Where people share similar ideas and values, so a community forms and creates a collective identity

How was Objective one a key player in regenerating St Austell

Funding model that which investment worked under between 1999-2007. Uses pump priming-pumping small amounts of government funds to stimulate economic growth.

What is the Eden project and its key players

2 large conservatives presenting 100,000 plants with 5,000 species. Built in the bottom of a China clay pit as Cornwall has the highest percentage of derelict land. EU and Southwest Regional Development Agency donated £50 million in total together.

Benefits and costs of Eden project

6 million tourist visits in the first 4 years. In the first 3 years, tourists spent £600 million . 400 full time staff ,75% weee previously unemployed and unemployment reduced by 6%.

Costs:traffic congestion and air pollution, lorry drivers journey increased by 30 min

What’s the Fore street regeneration project in Cornwall and what were its key players

Reflect towns culture and historical heritage in public spaces like shopfront to attract tourists and investors. St Austell Bay invested £1.1million in re imaging St Austell. Landlords reduced rent prices. Reimaging St Austell project using ceramic and plants to create a new cultural centre .

Strengths and weaknesses in fore street regeneration in st austell

Antisocial problems being tackled by police but they don’t have resources. Plants to refurbish roof of Grand Dome but Eu and lottery funding have failed to make it happen.

What is the lost garden of Heligan and its key players in regenerating st Austell

Aims to strengthen density and sense of place as well as enhance and protect plants. Cornwall and county council gave permission to use space for public use

Strengths and weaknesses of the lost gardens of heligan

8 million people visited since its opening and received B crop certificate for environmental, sustainability. But expensive so for tourists not for locals. May be inaccessible due to varying gradients of garden

What were the combined Cornwall universities and its key players in regenerating st Austell

Provides higher education to youth. Partnership of 5 universities:Plymouth,Exeter, Falmouth,Cornwall college and Truro and penwith college.. objective one and southwest regional development agency provided funds. Local government funded project

Strengths and weaknesses of combined college universities in regenerating st Austell

Increased amount of working age people, reduced brain drain effect,creates businneses and jobs,increases levels of education. But leads to studentification , youth may still leave as Cornwall is far from core areas

What’s the whiter river place shopping centre and its key players in regenerating St Austell

Transformed a shopping centre in st Austell, £31.5 million invested by SW regional development agency, bought by firm called Ellandi who owns 4 other shopping centres

strengths and weaknesses of white river place shopping centre in regenerating st Austell

Improves shopping environment encourages speninding and creates jobs, lost £15 million in setting it up, not enough parking spaces, local businesses competing with TNCs

What’s the torchlight carnival and it’s key players in regenerating St Austell

One day celebrating start of winter and begins with entertainment programmes in st Austell centre, music shows and children’s rides. Local gov gave £3,000 for carnival. St Austell council providing resources for carnival. Musicians, paradores and other performers.

Strength and weaknesses of torchlight carnival in regenerating st Austell

Supports local firms - 15 holiday cottages 5 miles away from carnival. £1032 raised in 2019. Creates job opportunities. 1000 participants in setting up carnival. But only known by locals and is expensive,£10,000 cost, disruption for people not involved

What was the business park and its key players in regenerating st Austell

Opened in 2013, has st Austell conference centre . Funded by uk gov, managed by st Austell enterprise park.

Strengths and weaknesses of business parks in regenerating st Austell

Located for transport connectivity and ev charging, powered by solar panels, range of different businesses, has Cornwalls largest law firm. Low wage and low skills and seasonal unemployment, rural region and low population makes business to make revenue, as more businesses move in it becomes more congested creating urbanised area in rural region. Infrastructure and transport connectivity issues

What are similarities in why East London and st Austell needed regenerating

High unemployment, depopulation and in st Austell brain drain,poor connectivity- Cornwall- one bus route. Lack of education- in Cornwall Canning Town 60% have no gcses. Lack of community

What are similarities in key player involved in East London and st Austell regeneration

National and local authorities, local residents and tourists

What are similarities of the successes in East london and st Austell regeneration

Tourism, positive multiplier effect, new schools like CUC in Cornwall,

What are differences in east London and in Cornwall for needing regeneration

East London - WW2 bombing ruined infrastructure,high crime rates, large areas of brownfield sites, water and land pollution in river Lea

Cornwall- seasonal unemployment, ageing population, studentification, high proportion of second home owners

What was the difference in key players involved in east London and Cornwall

east London - LDDC, Olympic planners,construction firms, property owners, architects,

Cornwall-Eu-objective one,public sector, saw regional development agency

What was the difference in successes in east lodnon and Cornwall regeneration

East London- Westfield shopping centre, job creation, affordable housing by athletes village, Canary Wharf financial hub, improved accessibility, DLR,HS2,Olympic park, pulley system historical elements

Cornwall-tourism, Eden project educates on environmental sustainability

What were failures of east London and Cornwall regeneration

East London- no affordable housing around Canary Wharf, Olympic legacy hasn’t reached all of Newham

Cornwall-increase in congestion and air pollution, still needs regeneration old schemes have arguably not worked,south west film studies has committed fraudulent activities so stains image of area and reduced investors funding

What is perception of place

How people view a particulate place can be positive or negative. Vital in lived experiences and affects how people engage with their places.

What are lived experiences

personal knowledge and understanding of the world. Different individuals will have different perceptions due to different factors affecting their lived experience.

• What are some factors that affect levels of engagement?

• Levels of deprivation- higher levels create negative experiences. Living in temporary accompany or renting leads to feeling less place attachment than homeowners.

• Ethnicity- ethnic groups may feel disconnected to community due to cultural differences. May have different views and may not feel accepted.

• Length of residences new migrants and students may have less place attachment than a long term resident.

• Genders- women may feel less safe to go to the pub or walk at night. Stay at home parents may be more active in local community.

• Youth may feel less place attachment due to many global connections through internet and social media by globalisation.

What is community engagement

The degree to which a person participates in local community and how prepared they are to push for a change.

How can levels of community engagement be measure?

• Local and national election turnout

• Number of community activities

• The number of supported local community groups.

Why does voter turnout vary

• Safe seat- people believe their vote won’t make a difference because the same party will be in power

• Elderly people may find it hard to walk to polling station or know how to postal vote

• Lack of knowledge- don’t know who you stand for

• Main focus is on cities- change in policies rarely affect rural areas so no point in voting

• Apathy- don’t care

• Political elites- celebrities as presidents e.g Ronald Reagan was an actor before so people like him.

Why were levels of engagement high in Grampound for the opening of the new shop?

Grampound struggles to keep basic services open due to small population of 800 people so business are unable to make consistent profit. Demographic of mainly elderly who have to pay high travel costs to go to the supermarket.

What is the lived experiences of Grampound like?

Strong sense of communities and belonging due to number of clubs and societies for all ages and backgrounds

Councillor lives locally who volunteers and has a newsletter.

What conflicts can occur within communities due to regeneration

• local businesses have higher competition with new companies and a rise in rental costs

• Lower income groups might not be able to afford live in the areas once it’s been regenerated.

• Ethnic groups displaced by gentrification to attract younger wealthier people, raising house prices

• Regeneration imposed on locals by development companies who have no lived experience of the place.

Why did the riots occur in Broadwater Farm Estate in Tottenham

Occurred in 1985.Accidental shooting a black woman and heart attach of an innocent mother during a police raid of her house. This caused community outrage . There was already tensions between white police force and local black youth from the accidental shooting. The riots lead to the murder of a police officer.

What happened after the roots in broadwater farm

Riots lead to changes in police tactics and equipment and efforts to re engage with the community.

What factors affect perceptions of place

Age, social class, ethnicity and overall quality of life

What attachment to a pl e

How strongly a person feels connected to their local area

What factors does attachment of place depend on

Age, length or residence, ethnicity, deprivation, media portrayals and gov policies. Protects that are successful to that person

Background information of Palo Alto- San Francisco Area case study

City in northwest of Santa Clara county in California USA in San Francisco Bay Area.

Principal city of Silicon Valley

Home to Headquarters of tech firms like HP, and initially Apple, google, Facebook.

population of San Francisco :808,988

Entire Bay Area population : 7.52 million

Average income: $96,265

Why is San Francisco successful

2010- median income was 41 percent higher than the whole country and 37% higher state wide

Supports lots of innovative, productive, frontier tech firms.