BIO 211-Lecture Test 2

Capillaries

What are the smallest type of blood vessels?

Left atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Oxygenated

The left atrium receives oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from the lungs?

4

How many veins carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs?

Pulmonary veins

What type of veins carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs?

4 pulmonary veins

What carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs?

Right ventricle

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygen poor blood into the pulmonary trunk?

Left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood into the aorta?

To pump blood throughout the body with greater distance with increased pressure

The left ventricle has to have a much thicker wall for what reason?

It has much thicker walls

What is special about the left ventricle?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

What prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?

2

How many atrioventricular (AV) valves are there that prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?

To prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

The left internal carotid artery

What carries oxygenated blood to the brain?

To carry oxygenated blood to the brain

What is the purpose of the left internal carotid artery?

Coronary arteries

Coronary circulation happens via what?

Coronary circulation

What is the shortest circulation in the body?

Left ventricle

Within coronary circulation, which chamber of the heart receives most of the coronary blood supply?

Coronary circulation

What is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself?

Striated, short, branched, fat, and interconnected via intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle cells can be categorized as?

True

Cardiac muscle cells are synchronized in their contractions, true or false?

Depolarization of the atria

A P wave on an EKG signifies what?

Ventricular filling

Blood that passively flows from the atria through open AV valves into the ventricles is known as?

Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

What does the end diastolic volume (EDV) mean?

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole is called what?

Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

What does the end systolic volume (ESV) mean?

End systolic volume (ESV)

The volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole is called what?

"Lub-dub"

What sounds are associated with the closing of heart valves?

EDV-ESV

How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

Stroke volume (SV)

EDV-ESV= what?

203 mL

If EDV=350 mL and ESV=147 mL, what is the stroke volume?

HR x SV (heart rate x stroke volume)

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)

5.25 L/min

If HR=75 bpm and SV=70 mL, what is the CO?

Cardiac Output (CO)

HR X SV=what?

5.2 L/min

A patient has a HR of 80 bpm and a SV of 65 mL, what is their CO?

74 mL

A patient has an EDV of 200 mL and an ESV of 126 mL, what is their SV?

Blood flow to entire vascular system

What is proportional to CO?

Cardiac Output (CO)

Blood flow to the entire vascular system is proportional to what?

Skeletal muscle

Veins have less pressure to transport blood towards the heart so they are compressed by what to increase flow?

Skeletal muscle

What increases the flow of veins to move blood towards the heart?

Gas exchange

What takes place at the capillaries?

Resistance to blood flow

Blood viscosity can lead to what?

Increased resistance to blood flow

An increase in blood viscosity equals what?

Arterioles

What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance?

The smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles relaxes

Vasodilation occurs when?

Increase of the size of the lumen which decreases resistance

What is the result of vasodilation?

Decrease

Does vasodilation increase or decrease resistance?

Skeletal muscle, skin, and the heart

Blood flow is increased during exercise to what specific areas/structures of the body?

Kidneys and abdomen

Blood flow is decreased during exercise to what specific areas/structures/organs of the body?

Brain

Blood flow remains the same during exercise to what organ?

Alveoli

Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?

Alveoli

What structure within the respiratory system have great surface area?

Elastic cartilage

The epiglottis consists of what type of tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

The epiglottis is not consisted of what type of tissue?

C-shaped cartilage rings

What maintains the trachea's patency?

Surfactant

Type 2 alveolar cells secrete what?

On the mediastinal surface of the lungs

Where is the Hilum found?

It is the site of entry & exit for blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

What is the purpose of the Hilum?

Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)

What is the air pressure within alveoli called?

The lung's natural tendency to recoil & the surface tension of alveolar fluid

There are two inward forces that promote lung collapse, what are they?

Tissue cells & blood in systemic/coronary capillaries

Internal respiration occurs between?

3

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe

What are the lobes of the right lung?

2

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Superior lobe, inferior lobe

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Hilum

The left lung also contains a special feature to fit the heart, what is that feature called?

Type 2 alveolar cells

What secretes surfactant?

the process of taking air into the lungs

What does inspiration mean?

Inspiratory muscles

Inspiration is an active process involving what?

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Inspiratory muscles consist of what?

They contract

What happens to the inspiratory muscles during inspiration?

When the dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out

Action of the diaphragm refers to what?

Increased thoracic cavity volume

What is a result of action of the diaphragm?

When the external intercostals contract, the rib cage is lifted up and out

Action of intercostal muscles refers to what?

Increased thoracic cavity volume

What is a result of action of intercostal muscles?

Elastic tissue in the stroma & alveolar surface tension

Lung compliance is normally high due to?

Blood flow reaching the pulmonary capillaries via arterioles

The perfusion portion of ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to what?

The amount of gas (air) reaching the alveoli via bronchioles

The ventilation portion of ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to what?

For optimal, efficient gas exchange

Ventilation & perfusion rates must be matched for what reason?

Ventilation & perfusion rates

For optimal & efficient gas exchange to occur, what must be matched?

A decline in blood pH which causes acidosis and increasing Pco2 which causes the hemoglobin-O2 bond to weaken which in turn causes O2 to unload off RBC's easier to meet the demands of cells.

As cells metabolize glucose, they us O2 causing?

Bicarbonate ions in plasma

CO2 is transported in the blood in what form?

70%

What is the % of bicarbonate ions?

Higher brain respiratory control centers

Respiratory rhythms are regulated by what?

Changing levels of Pco2, Po2, and pH in plasma

What are the most important chemical factors that influence breathing rate & depth?

Bohr effect

The decline in blood pH which causes acidosis and increasing Pco2 which causes the hemoglobin-O2 bond to weaken which in turn causes O2 to unload off RBC's easier to meet the demands of cells is referred to as what?

Flow of gases to equalize pressure

Pressure changes within pulmonary ventilation lead to what?

Nose & nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx

What are the major organs associated with the upper respiratory tract?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi & branches, and the lungs & alveoli

What are the major organs associated with the lower respiratory tract?

Ppul (pulmonary pressure)= Patm (atmospheric pressure)

During expiration, Ppul (pulmonary pressure) is greater than Patm (atmospheric pressure) which causes air to flow out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until what occurs?

How much stretch the lung has

Lung compliance is a measure of what?

Tidal volume

What respiratory volume signifies the normal daily breathing?

Inspiratory reserve volume

What is A?

Tidal volume

What is B?

Expiratory reserve volume

What is C?

Residual volume

What is D?

Inspiratory capacity

What is E?

Functional residual capacity

What is F?

Vital capacity

What is G?

Total lung capacity

What is H?