ALL OF APHG VOCAB UNITS 1-7

spatial

relating to space

absolute location

the precise point where a place is located on Earth

cultural ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

relative location

where a place is located in relation to another place

geographic information system (GIS)

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

place

specific human and physical characteristics of a location

region

a group of places on Earth with similar human and/or physical features

situation

the location of a place relative to other places and its surroundings

time-space compression

the shrinking of time distance between locations because of improved methods of transportation

distance decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

density

number of something in a specifically defined area

Ex: population density is the number of people per square mile or kilometer

human-environment interaction

connection and exchange between humans and the natural world

environmental determinism

the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment

map scale

the relationship of the size of th emap to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

GPS

a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth through satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

remote sensing

process of gathering data about Earth from instruments far above the planet's surface

spatial analysis

The analysis of geographic data about a certain place.

sense of place

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

friction of distance

as distances increase, it requires more time, effort, and cost for interactions between places to occur; measures the degree to which distance affects the interaction between two places

distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

landscape analysis

the task of defining and describing landscape

field observation

the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there

built environment

part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans

ex: buildings, roads, signs, fences etc.

scale (relative scale)

the amount of territory that a map represents ex: global scale means the entire planet

reference maps

Maps designed for people to refer to for general information about places

choropleth map (thematic)

uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of data

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

ex: choropleth, dot distribution, graduated symbol, isoline

dot density map

A map where equal-size dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

isoline map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

cartogram (thematic)

the sizes of countries are shown to some specific statistic

Mercator projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator

EX: used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

graduated/proportional symbol map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

quantitative data

numerical data ex: distribution of people based on income

qualitative data

Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.

scale of analysis

level at which the data is collected; global, regional, national, local (includes supranational and county)

spatial perspective

a way of thinking about how phenomena are positioned and arranged on Earth's surface. It focuses on "where" things are and why they are located there

absolute distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.

absolute direction

the cardinal directions north, south, east, and west

census data

quantitative information collected through the official count of the number of people in defined area such as a state; conducted every 10 years

clustering

be or come into a cluster of close group; congregate

dispersal

process of distributing things or people over a wide area

elevation

height above sea level

flows

movement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects ib societies

funtional region

an area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity

global

relating to the whole world; worldwide

land use

the way humans manage and modify the natural environment to create built environments and semi-natural habitats

local

specific community, town, city or region

map projection

method for representing the Earth's curved surface on a flat surface

media reports

type of written account that can be used as a source of spatial information

national

distribution of phenomena over an entire country

natural resources

found within natural environment that is accessible and economically valuable to humans

pattern

the way in which things are arranged in a particular place

perceptual/vernacular region

type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place

personal interviews

direct, face to face conversation between an interviewer and respondent

photographic interpretation

the process of examining photographs to identify objects and evaluate their significance

policy documents

communicate organizational policies and procedures

environmental possibilism

a theory of human-environment interaction that states humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs

satellite navigation system

satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of geographic features

space

the area between two or more things

sustainability

use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future

satellite imagery

collection of images of Earth taken by articial satellites that orbit the planet

travel narratives

travelers wrote accounts of what they obsereved in distant places

Are people concentrated evenly across the globe?

NO

What types of population density are there

• Arithmetic

• Physiological

• Agricultural

Arithmetic population density

Total # of people divided by total land area.

Answers the “where” of population density, but not necessarily the “why?”

Physiological population density

# of people per unit area of arable land

The higher this is, the less resources that a country or region typically has available overall

High number = lots of good land

Agricultural population density

# of farmers per unit of arable land

The HIGH NUMBER IS BAD

High number= less available land per farmer

population composition

can predict population growth and decline, market trends for certain goods and services, and even political/voting trends!

we can make inform predictions about the economy and culture of places by studying this

potential/elderly support ratio

# of working age people (15-64) for the # of people 65 and older

dependency support ratio

# of people too young (under 15) or old (over 64) to work compared to # of people in their “productive” years

life expectancy

how long you will live

Typically higher for women than men

crude birth rate (CBR)

# of live births per year per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

total average # of live births per woman throughout her lifetime

Is this below or above the replacement rate of 2.1?

• If a female is dropping under 2.1 then they are not replacing with females (only having males)

infant mortality rate (IMR)

# of deaths below 1 year of age compared to total # of births

crude death rate (CDR)

Total # of deaths per year per 1000 people

natural increase rate (NIR)

% by which a population grows in a year

“doubling time”

Rule of 70: A way to estimate the time it takes to double a number based on its growth rate.

formula: 70 divided by the growth rate.

The result is the number of years required to double.

demographic transition model

a tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures.

The model analyzes birth rates, death rates, and total population trends in a society at a given point of time

Epidemiologic Transition Model

typically includes four stages: the age of pestilence and famine, the age of receding pandemics, the age of degenerative diseases, and the age of delayed degenerative diseases.

Maternal Mortality Rate

the number of mothers who die in childbirth for every 1000th births

carrying capacity

the maximum number of people who can be realistically sustained by the geography of that area

preventative checks

In Malthusian theory, another way to stabilize human population includes all the factors that prevent human birth among which he advocated for 'moral restraint,' including late marriage and celibacy until a couple can afford to support children.

positive checks

Factors increasing mortality (War, Famine, Disease, etc…)

pro natalist

policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area

anti natalist

to encourage people to plan smaller families, lower fertility rates and reduce the number of births. These tend to be found in countries with high birth rates and rapidly growing populations.

immigration

the movement of people to another country for permanent settlement.

emigration

the process of leaving one's country of origin in order to settle in another country permanently.

voluntary migration

migration that is undertaken willingly by the group or individual involved.

forced migration

the involuntary movement of individuals or groups away from their home or country due to factors such as conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or economic hardship.

push factors

something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place.

pull factors

positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas.

Intraregional migration

the movement of people within the same region of a nation

• WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Transnational migration

the movement of people across international borders who maintain connections and ties to their home countries while establishing lives in new countries

Transhumance migration

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

Counterurbanization

people leaving cities to go to rural areas

Guest workers

allowed to work in another country for a set amount of time

Chain migration

people follow the path of a previous migrant to a new area

Step migration

movement from one place to another in bursts.

this is often caused by intervening obstacles