Scientific Revolution

Greek’s views on science

Nature has a soul

Scientific Revolution

Leaving old Greek ideas

Plato

Geometry, math

Aristotle

Math, philosophy

Socrates

Psychology

Greek science

Supported by religious aspects, like reason for disease was because of the gods

Four elements theory

450 BC by Empedocles of Acragas, supported by Aristotle, held true for 2000 years, elements of earth, water, air, and fire (they thought all mater was composed of these elements)

Greek beliefs

Elements are not changed by nature, but made and exist together through force, combing elements makes something that is different from those elements

Four temperments

Fire, air, water, earth

Fire temperament

Power, strength, outward focus

Water

Reflection, introvert, routines and rules, inward, focused on living life on their own terms and enjoying it— more independent

Air

Optimism, future oriented, expressive, helping others

Earth

Negative, anxiety, concerned things might go wrong, caring a lot abt inner circle of friends

Change from Greek to current

Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model, which the church and philosophers both took interest in

Copernicus

1473-1543; economist, math, translator; observed things and then made a new model of the solar system, disagreed with geocentric model, went from Aristotelian model of everything orbiting the earth but calculations did not support observations, did calculations to determine that the sun is in the center, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium-fundamentals of heliocentric model; afraid of publish findings because it went against beliefs and the church, in 1530 pope invited him and read and thought it was important in science

Galileo Galilei

Italian, astronomer, physicist, engineer; noticed sun spots on the sun(sports that are dark because of contrast with hotter areas) move, and some spots reappeared two weeks later—> meant earth revolves around the sun; observed that Jupiter had four satellites that revolved w periods of 2-17 days, there are other centers of motion other than the earth; Venus goes through fazes; disproved Ptolemaic system; supported Copernicus theories

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, got fortune from given an island by a King of Denmark, used money to make observatory palace, made useful equipment(didn’t have telescope); Tychonic Model

Geocentrism- Tychonianism- Heliocentrism

Stars and heavenly bodies are made of light but strong subjects that isn’t on earth, so our planet is lazy; tried to make model that would support science but also tradition, hence sun and moon move around earth and other planets move around sun; not rejected until 1838(1546-1601)

Kepler

1571-1630; innkeepers with interest in astronomy, strong math, assistant for Brahe but Brahe didn’t share info with him, got accress to data of Brahe when Brahe died(after a year)

Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

Orbits are ellipses, planets cover equal areas in equal time, planet’s orbital period is proportional to size of its semi-jaor axi

Aphelion

July

Perihelion

January

Futher

Aphelion

Closer

Perihelion

Hotter

Aphelion

Isacc Newton

In uni during the great plague, uni closed; worked on discoveries and calc, optics, foundations of laws of gravity…calc took 20 years to get right

Newton’s laws

Stataionary object remains stationary unless force is applied, rate of change is proportional to applied force acting on it, when object applies force on object 2, object 2 applies force w same magnitude/opp dir

Origins of scientific revolutions

Reformation(conflict with the church), Gutenberg print press(easier distribution of material)

Reformation

Martin Luther, Pope allowed church to start selling indulgences and he objected; kings didn’t like that the Pope had all of this power