DNA Stuff
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73 Terms
Who discovered DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick.
Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus.
What are chromosomes?
Tightly coiled DNA.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
What are genes?
Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
What is the structure of DNA?
Shape: double helix; Building blocks: nucleotides.
What are the bases in DNA?
A, T, C, G.
What is complementary base pairing?
A pairs with T, C pairs with G.
How does DNA direct protein production?
By linking amino acids.
What is DNA replication?
Copying of DNA.
What does helicase do?
Unzips DNA.
What does polymerase do?
Adds bases to the new DNA strand.
What are bodily sources of DNA?
Blood, saliva, hair (root), skin, semen, bone.
What is DNA profiling used for?
To identify suspects, victims, paternity, and clear the innocent.
What does RFLP stand for?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
Who developed PCR?
Kary Mullis.
What does STR stand for?
Short Tandem Repeat.
What is a polymorphism?
Differences in DNA between people.
What are the steps of RFLP?
Isolate DNA, Cut with restriction enzymes, Separate using electrophoresis, Analyze the pattern.
What is an advantage of RFLP?
It's accurate.
What is a disadvantage of RFLP?
It's slow and needs a large/good sample.
What is PCR used for?
To make many DNA copies, especially when the sample is small or degraded.
What are the steps of PCR?
Denature, Anneal, Extend.
What are advantages of PCR?
Fast, can use small samples, and is sensitive.
Where is STR located?
At specific loci on the chromosome.
What are the advantages of STR?
Small DNA samples are less likely to degrade, works with PCR, needs ~20 cells.
What is Low Copy Number DNA?
A tiny amount of DNA.
What is Touch DNA?
DNA obtained from contact.
What are the sex chromosomes for males and females?
Male: XY; Female: XX.
What is the gene for sex determination?
Amelogenin.
What is Y-STR?
Male-only DNA.
What does CODIS include?
Criminals, arrestees, crime scenes, and missing persons.
How many loci does CODIS analyze?
20 loci.
What is mitochondrial DNA?
DNA inherited from the mother.
What is a disadvantage of mitochondrial DNA?
It's less unique and cannot identify an exact person.
When is mitochondrial DNA useful?
For old or degraded DNA, hair without a root, and bones.
What are chromosomes?
Coiled DNA.
What are proteins?
Body molecules.
What is a nucleotide?
The unit of DNA.
What is a tandem repeat?
A repeating DNA sequence.
What are polymorphisms?
Variations in DNA between people.
What is a restriction enzyme?
An enzyme that cuts DNA.
What is electrophoresis?
A process that separates DNA.
What is amplification?
The process of making DNA copies.
What does loci refer to?
The location on a chromosome.
What is low copy number DNA?
DNA present in tiny amounts.
What is touch DNA?
DNA obtained from contact.
What is amelogenin?
The sex gene.
What is Y-STR?
Male DNA.
What does CODIS stand for?
Combined DNA Index System.
Where is DNA located?
In the nucleus.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46.
What are the four bases of DNA?
A, T, C, G, which pair as A–T and C–G.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, base.
What is the structure of DNA?
Backbone is sugar + phosphate; middle consists of base pairs; shape is double helix.
How are proteins made from DNA?
DNA directs the sequence of amino acids to form proteins.
What are the sources of DNA?
Blood, saliva, hair, skin, semen, bone.
What are forensic uses of DNA?
To identify people, solve crimes, and establish paternity.
Who were Watson and Crick?
They determined the structure of DNA.
Who developed DNA fingerprinting?
Alec Jeffreys.
What technology did Kary Mullis develop?
PCR.
What is the difference between RFLP and STR?
RFLP has long sequences and long repeats, while STR has short sequences and short repeats.
What are the steps of RFLP?
Isolate DNA, cut with restriction enzymes, separate using electrophoresis, analyze the pattern.
What is the advantage of RFLP?
It is accurate.
What is a disadvantage of RFLP?
It is slow and requires a large sample.
What are the steps of PCR?
Denature, anneal, extend.
What are the advantages of PCR?
It is fast, works with small samples, and is sensitive.
What is CODIS?
A DNA database that includes criminals, arrestees, crime scenes, and missing persons.
What is the focus of mitochondrial DNA?
It is inherited from the mother and is useful for analyzing old samples.
