Kine 2000 Final Exam

Definition of kinesiology

study of human movement

Areas of kinesiology

Physiological, mechanical, psychological

Physical fitness

Ability of the body to adjust to the demands and stresses of physical effort and is thought to be a measure of health

Physical activity

Any movement carried out by the skeletal muscles requiring energy

Strength

Ability of a muscle to do work

Power

Ability to generate force quickly

Endurance

Ability to sustain force over time

Creatine phosphate + ADP =

Creatine + ATP

Metabolic syndrome

Cluster of conditions including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, elevated triglycerides, hypertension, type 2 diabetes

2 components of the immune system

innate and adaptive

Overweight

total body weight above a recommended range for good health

Obesity

severely overweight, characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat

Overweight BMI

greater than or equal to 25

Obesity BMI

greater than or equal to 30

Female athlete triad

Abnormal eating patterns and excessive exercising, amenorrhea, premature osteoporosis

Relative risk

Event when exposed / event when not exposed

Relative risk formula

[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

Biometrics includes

Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides

2 examples of activity scales

Tegner, Godin Leisure Questionnaire

ACSM guidelines for physical activity

- American adults aged 18-65 years old should do 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity 5 days per week OR engage in 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days per week
- Guidelines are minimum requirements*

4 different ways to look at human body comp

Medical (health), anthropological, performance, appearance

Body composition definition

the body's relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass

Components of fat-free mass

bone, water, muscle, connective and organ tissue

Essential fat in males vs females

Males = 3-5%
Females = 8-12%

Nonessential fat is also known as

Adipose tissue

What is essential fat

Consists of fat stored in major organs, muscles, and CNS (myelin sheaths)

Fat-free Body Mass

FFM = body mass - fat mass
Fat mass = body mass x percent body fat

Essential fat in males vs females

Men = 3%
Females = 12%

Examples of body comp measurements

Scale weight, height and weight charts, BMI, circumferences, waist to hip ratio, near infrared interactance, skin folds, bioelectrical impedance analysis, hydrostatic weighing, bod pod, DEXA,

High risk waist to hip ratios in males vs females

Males = 0.9 - 1.0
Females = 0.75 - 0.85

True

True or False: 90% of people who are diagnosed with eating disorders are women

Body image components

Mental, physical, emotional, perceptive, imaginative

12%

A healthy percentage of subcutaneous fat in men is:

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) suggests the following guidelines for adult physical activity: (Select all that apply)
a) 60 minutes of light exercise, 3 days/week
b) 20 minutes of vigorous activity, 3 days/week
c) 10 minutes of vigorous activity, 7 days/week
d) 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity, 5 days/week

b) 20 minutes of vigorous activity, 3 days/week
d) 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity, 5 days/week

Adipose Tissue

Another name for nonessential fat is:

Overweight

Assume an adult is 5'5 and weighs 160lbs. Their BMI would classify this person as:

To track weight status in a population and as a screening tool for an individual

BMI is a useful measure...

8-12%

Essential fat is what percentage of total body weight in females?

0.90

Men with a waist-to-hip ratio above ___ are considered high risk for cardiovascular disease.

True

Sleeping problems can be an associated health problem with increased risk of chronic disease.

Body composition

The relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass is also referred to as:

Medical, anthropological, performance, appearance

What are four ways to look at human body composition?

Hyperinsulinemia

Metabolic syndrome includes which of the following:

more, higher, fat

During near infrared interactance: the ____ light absorbed, the ____ the ____ mass.

Apple

Which body shape has the greatest risk for cardiovascular disease?

Inactive, overweight

Which group has the highest relative risk of death?

DEXA

Which of the following is the most accurate measure for body composition?

Endurance

According to the lecture, which of the following can be defined as "ability to sustain force over time"?

Strength

The ability of a muscle to do work is also called muscle ___.

73.32 kg

Calculate the fat-free mass for this person: body mass = 185lbs, body fat = 14% (HINT: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs) [weight [kg] × (1 - (body fat [%]/ 100))]

The ability to generate force quickly

What is the definition of power?

4.00

Assuming that there are 75 patients in your medical practice. 25 of these patients are obese. You also note that 18 of the obese patients also have sleep apnea, while 9 of the "non-obese" patients also have sleep apnea. What is the relative risk of having sleep apnea if exposed to obesity. Relative Risk = (Risk in exposed group) / (Risk in unexposed group)

3-6 MET

Moderate intensity activities (e.g., brisk walking, dancing) approximately to how many metabolic equivalents (MET)?

Abnormal eating and excessive exercise, premature osteoporosis, amenorrhea

Female Athlete Triad consists of the following?

Metabolic Syndrome

The cluster of conditions including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, elevated triglycerides, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes is often referred to as:

To estimate weekly physical activity

What is the primary purpose of the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire?

b) Mechanical
d) Physiological
e) Psychological

What are the primary areas of kinesiology: (Select all that apply)

Anatomical position

Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms faced anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Axial region

The main axis of the body

Appendicular region

The limbs

Coronal/frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right

Median/midsagittal plane

Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior

The trunk is divided into _____

Quadrants

Definition of goniometry

The study of the measurement of angles

4 parts of a goniometer

Body, fulcrum, stationary arm, moving arm

How to use goniometer

Fulcrum is placed over the joint
Stationary arm is aligned with the inactive part of the joint
Moving arm is aligned with the moving part of the joint

Osteokinematics

Bone motion

Arthrokinematics

Joint motion

Movement is generally _____

Planar

Sagittal movements

Flexion and extension

Frontal movements

Abduction and adduction

Transverse movements

Rotation, pronation, supination

Range of motion

Total amount of motion available at a joint

Normal ROM for major joints (shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, knee flexion)

Shoulder flexion: 180 degrees
Shoulder abduction: 180 degrees
Elbow flexion: 145 degrees
Knee flexion: 135 degrees

Active ROM

Using the musculature, the person moves the joint through the arc as long as possible

Passive ROM

The arc of the joint when there person is relaxed (does not involve muscular work)

True

Generally active range of motion is less than passive range of motion

Normal vs abnormal end feel

Soft or tissue approximation = normal
Firm = normal, ligamentous
Hard = normal, bony
Empty = abnormal, usually associated with pain

Intra-rater reliability

Determines how well the same person can take a measurement over and over again

Inter-rater reliability

Determines whether a measure varies between individuals

6 components of structural organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Bones of the axial skeleton

Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs

4 types of joints

Pivot, hinge, saddle, plane

4 types of muscle contractions

Isometric, isotonic, concentric, eccentric

Isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length

Isotonic contraction

Muscle contracts and changes length
Concentric = shortening of the muscle
Eccentric = lengthening of the muscle

3 functions of the nervous system

Sensory input, integration, motor output

Nerve cells

Structural units of the nervous system

Members of an athletic health care team

Athletic trainer
Team physician
EMS personnel
Coaches
School nurses

Sports injury definition

No universally accepted definition, but most include time loss

Intrinsic factors of chronic/overuse injuries

Immature cartilage, decreased flexibility, decreased conditioning, psychological factors

Extrinsic factors of chronic/overuse injuries

Excessive training, lack of adequate recovery, incorrect technique, playing on uneven or hard surfaces, incorrect equipment

Soft tissue injuries

Sprains, strains, contusions, cartilage tears

Strain

Stretched or torn muscle or tendon

Degrees of strains

1st degree = mild with little to no swelling
2nd degree = more extensive soft tissue damage, pain, moderate loss of function
3rd degree = complete rupture, significant swelling, total loss of function

Another word for contusion is ________

Bruise

Myositis ossificans

A bonelike formation within the muscle tissue

Cartilage tears

Compression with shearing