NES Subtest 1

Phonological Awareness

an understanding of how sounds, syllables, words, and word parts can be orally manipulated to break apart words, make new words, and create rhymes.

Phonemic Awareness

understanding of how each small unit of sound, or phoneme, forms language by creating differences in the meanings of words

phoneme blending

combining phonemes to make a word

phoneme substitution

replacement of phonemes in words to make new words

phoneme segmentation

separating phonemes in words

phoneme deletion

phonemes are removed from words not make new words

onset

the beginning consonant or consonant blend

rime

syllables vowels and its remaining consonants

phonics

the study of the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds

sight words

words that students need to learn to recognize by sight in order to read sentences with optimal fluency

roots

derived from Latin or Greek and established the basis of new words

Affixes

added to words or roots to change their meanings

reading rate

the speed and fluidity with which a student can read

reading accuracy

a students ability to recognize or decode words correctly

prosody

encompasses the range from two of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud

preproduction stage

the silent stage during which a student primarily absorbing new input

emergence of speech stage

the student begins to speak more clearly and accurately and increase his or her spoken vocabulary

intermediate fluency stage

the student gains competency speaking in more complex sentences and demonstrates a larger vocabulary

advanced fluency stage

in which he or she can converse fluently and think clearly in the second language

theme

the basic idea that the author wants to convey

moral

the lesson the author wants to teach the reader

central idea

basic underlying idea of informational text

inferences

determine what an author is suggesting by using clues in text

summarization

the distillation and condensation of a text into its main idea and key details

third person objective

detached narrator relates actions and dialogue but no feelings or thoughts of characters

third person limited omniscient

detached narrator tells from one characters POV including that characters internal thoughts and feelings

third person omniscient

detached and all knowing narrator tells the story from the POV of all the characters, including all their thoughts and feelings

paraphrase

briefly restate information in their own words

citations

the original source names

primary sources

original materials representative of an event, experience, place, or time period

secondary sources

information about events, experiences, places, or time periods but the information comes from someone who was not there

reliable sources

trustworthy materials that come from experts in the field of study

grammar

how parts of speech work together in sentences and how words are grouped to make meaning such as in phrases or clauses

simple sentence

short and contains a subject, a verb, and a completed thought

compound sentence

two independent clauses joined by a coordinated conjunction

complex sentence

made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

compound complex sentence

two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions and one or more dependent classes that begins with subordinating conjunctions

modifiers

words or phrases that change the meaning of or are details to other words or phrases in a sentence

misplace modifier

causes confusion because it does not modify the intended word or phrase

dangling modifier

one that has no clear connection to any other part of a sentence

mechanics

conventions of print that are not necessary in spoken language such as punctuation, capitalization, and indentation

syntax

the grammatical formations and patterns of sentences

structural analysis

analysis of the roots and affixes of words

usage

the agreed upon rules for how language is used under certain conditions or within particular styles

dialect

language that is particular to a geographical location or consolidated social group

register

particular style of language determined by purpose, audience, and social context

academic language

language used in formal settings and academic writing

conversational language

familiar and informal, the language used with friends to convey humor, and to communicate in nonacademic contexts

figurative language

constructed to convey images and ideas separate from the actual meaning

connotation

intended meaning of a word beyond its literal meaning

active listening

focused and empathetic listening

decoding text

pronouncing written words based on knowledge of letter-sound relationships