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Statistics
Tool in decision making
Statistics
Tool for the formulation of good judgment
Statistics
Art of summarizing data so that non- statistician can understand it
Statistics
Science dealing with the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data
Bio
means life
Statistics
means data
Biostatistics
a special branch of statistics which deals with quantitative and qualitative aspects of vital phenomena
Health statistics
data required in the planning, administration, and evolution of health programs
Epidemiology
distribution & determinants of health-related states and events
Demography
study of human population
Genetics and Genomics
Heredity; genes and functions
Health Economics
functioning of health care system and health affecting behaviors
Descriptive and Inferential
2 branches of biostatistics
Descriptive Statistics
Methods of summarizing and presenting data
Descriptive Statistics
Computation of measures of central tendency and variability
Descriptive Statistics
Tabulation and graphical presentation
Descriptive Statistics
Facilitate understanding, analysis, and interpretation of data
Inferential Statistics
Methods of arriving at conclusions and generalizations about a target population based on information from a sample
Inferential Statistics
Estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing
Population
all members of a specified group
Sample
subset of a population
Parameter
measure of a characteristic of a Population
Constant
value of a characteristic that remains the same from person to person, from time to time or from place to place
Variable
characteristics takes on different Values
Primary Data and Secondary Data
2 types of data acc to source
Independent and Dependent
2 types of data acc to Functional Relationship
Independent
cause of data
Dependent
effect of data
Qualitative and Quantitative
2 categories of data or types of variable
Qualitative
descriptions or labels to distinguish one group from another
Quantitative
can be measured and ordered according to quantity or amount and expressed numerically
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
4 scale of measurements
Nominal
Simply used as names or identifiers of a category
Ordinal
Represents an ordered series of relationships
Interval
Does not have a true-zero value starting point
Ratio
Modified interval level which includes zero as a starting point
Nominal
Does not represent any amount or quantity
Data Processing
Systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis.
Data collection, data processing, analysis
Chronological order of Data Processing Flowchart
Data Coding
Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.
Field
actual value or information given by the respondent
Bracket
recorded as range of values rather than actual values
Factual
codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable
Pattern
applicable for questions with multiple responses
<8
Number of rules must be kept to minimum
exhaustive and mutually exclusive
Codes should be
Coding Manual
A document which contains a record of all codes assigned to the responses to all questions in the data collection forms.
Data Encoding
Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet
Data Editing
Inspection and correction of any errors or inconsistencies in the information collected
Field and Central
2 types of editing
Field Editing
Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms
Field Editing
Decoding of abbreviations or special symbols
Field Editing
Making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification of incomplete answers
Central Editing
Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after receiving the questionnaire from the field
Central Editing
Checking of encoded data
consistent
For qualitative data, check if categories are ——— with what is specified in the coding manual
logical
For quantitative data, check the minimum and maximum if they are ——— given the possible values of variable
Note 
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