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gastrocnemius

this muscle of the lower leg is responsible for plantar flexion and flexion of the lower leg

troponin

a globular protein involved in muscle contraction by binding to calcium ions. initiates the sliding filament.

CAM plants

plants that only open their stomata at night. they use carbon fixation to form oxoacetate which is converted to organic acid, stored in the central vacuole overnight

synapsid

this type of skull has an opening behind the eyes creating a bony arch below.

turner syndrome

monosomy x

patau syndrome

trisomy 13

c elegans

this model nematode is studied for its embryonic development and has 1031 cells.

NADH

this reduced form of niacin is made multiple times in cellular respiration and acts as an electron donor in oxidative phosphorylation of the ETC

paramecium

this genus of protozoa has 2+ nuclei and is a freshwater ciliate protist.

euglena

green, single-celled, freshwater organism with a flagellum, known for an eye spot.

crystal violet

primary stain in gram staining used to identify gram-positive bacteria. cells with thick peptidoglycan cell walls cause this dye to stay vivid after washing

characteristics of r-strategists

high fecundity (fertility), small body size, rapid maturation, boom and bust reproduction, short lifespan

photochemical smog

this phenomenon is primarily caused by nitrogen oxides from car exhaust. it contains secondary pollutants and low-altitude ozone

thermocline

this region of a lake has a rapid change in temperature over a short distance.

chromatography

this technique separates mixtures based on migration through a medium. has a mobile and stationary phase.

273

standard temperature of an ideal gas (always expressed in kelvin)

1

standard pressure of an ideal gas (always expressed in atmospheres)

combined gas law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2, relates pressure (atm), volume (L), and temperature (K) to each other after a change.

conjugates

buffers (resist ph change) are formed from what opposite pairs

potassium chloride

this salt is used as a salt substitute on food and tastes salty

shielding effect

this phenomenon causes atoms with more electrons to be bigger. it occurs when inner shell electrons lower the effective nuclear charge on valence electrons.

types of lipids

triglycerides, steroids, waxes, etc.

grignard reagents

these are extremely good nucleophiles and strong bases. formed from reaction of magnesium and organic halides. used to create alcohols.

kinematic equations

gibbs free energy

the amount of energy available to do reversible work at a constant temperature and pressure (G)

node

points of zero amplitude/displacement on a standing wave

antinode

points of maximum amplitude/displacement on a standing wave

path length

equals 4*amplitude. the distance traveled by an object in simple harmonic motion in one cycle.

weber

unit for magnetic flux

tesla

unit for magnetic flux density (strength)

siemens

unit for conductance

special relativity

this major theory is the origin of the twin paradox.

ishtar terra

this continent in northern Venus is the size of the US. it is a large highland region and elevated plateau

drumlins

teardrop shaped hills formed from glacier movement.

talc

hardness 1 rock

gypsum

hardness 2 rock

calcite

hardness 3 rock

fluorite

hardness 4 rock

apatite

hardness 5 rock

feldspar

hardness 6 rock

quartz

hardness 7 rock

topaz

hardness 8 rock

corundum

hardness 9 rock

diamond

hardness 10 rock

lamins

these intermediate protein filaments line the inner surface of the nucleus to provide structure and break down during prophase of mitosis

laminins

heterotrimeric proteins in extracellular substances that binds to other ECM components. helps anchor cells in place.

pka

this value measures the acidity of a solution and is the negative log of the dissociation constant

torricellis law

this law is derived from bernoulli's principle and relates the velocity of an ideal liquid to the height of the fluid above the opening

P=IV

formula for power of circuit

type 1a

this type of supernova shows a silicon spectral line

type 1b

this type of supernova shows a helium spectral line

type 2

this type of supernova shows a hydrogen spectral line and happens for 8+ solar mass stars

grabens

this geologic feature occurs when a section of crust is pushed down between 2 parallel faults, forming a valley.

horst

this geologic feature occurs when section of crust is forced upward between two faults, forming a peak.

malleus

hammer; first ear bone

incus

anvil; second ear bone; transmits vibrations to inner ear.

stapes

stirrup, last/third ear bone

nodes of ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

b lymphocytes

these agranulocytes/leukocytes produce antibodies and humoral responses

G3P

this 3-carbon compound is the basis of all carbohydrates. it is the final product of the calvin cycle

adventitious roots

this type of root system derives from the stem/leaves instead of the radicle, making it aboveground

amplexus

the mating behavior of frogs and toads. the male anuran will squeeze eggs out of the female and shed sperm over them.

emesis

vomiting

coelomate

gut cavity of annelids. body cavity lined with mesoderm.

pseudocoelomate

gut cavity of nematodes. body cavity with patches of mesoderm.

acoelomate

gut cavity of platyhelminthes. no body cavity.

lac operon

this group of genes encodes for proteins allowing bacteria to use lactose as energy if glucose is absent.

lacO operator

this operator region provides a binding site for the repressor protein

lacZ

this gene encodes an enzyme that splits lactose into monosaccharides

lacY

this gene encodes a transporter that brings lactose into the cell

lacA

this gene encodes an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group

kinase

an enzyme that phosphorylates substrates through ATP hydrolysis.

NAD+

this product of lactic acid fermentation is an electron carrier involved in glycolysis

foraminifera

these marine protists have calcium carbonate shells and are related to the amoeba.

volvox

this genus of green algae forms spherical colonies and has 2 flagella each.

prophage

this stage of the viral life cycle is when the DNA of lysogenic viruses remain dormant in the host genome.

rule of 70

this rule is used to find the time it takes to double a variable by dividing the namesake number by the growth rate.

alellopathy

this form of passive aggression in plants occurs when plants discourage competition by secreting toxins.

contact process

this industrial process uses a metal catalyst to produce sulfuric acid.

3

this is the number of moles of carbon dioxide created from burning a mole of propane

percent composition

the percent by mass of each element in a compound

+1

this is the charge of the cuprous ion

lewis base

this type of base is an electron pair donor

arrhenius base

this type of base makes hydroxide ions in water

bronsted-lowry base

this type of base is a proton/hydrogen ion acceptor

pOH

inverse of pH -> 14 minus pH. hydroxide ion concentration.

pH

logarithmic scale of acidity 0-14. hydrogen ion concentration.

foam

this type of colloid is a gas dispersed in a liquid

aerosols

this type of colloid is a liquid dispersed in a gas

emulsion

this type of colloid is a liquid dispersed in another liquid.

acetone

this simplest ketone has a distinctive odor and is a miscible solvent.

v^2/r

formula for centripetal acceleration around a curve based on the radius of the curve and the object's linear velocity

torque formula

this formula states: torque=force * distance * sin(angle of force) (must be meters)

fraunhofer lines

the set of dark lines in a continuous absorption spectrum

amperes law

this law states that an electric current generates a magnetic field proportional to the strength of the current.

monopoles

this hypothetical entity was predicted by Dirac and has a net magnetic charge, quantizing electric charge.

diode

battery

compton effect

this phenomenon occurs when a photon emitted by the photoelectric effect gains the energy of the electron, making it increase its wavelength

Z bosons

these neutral gauge bosons mediate the weak force by transferring momentum.