Period 7 Review

1890-1945

American Imperialism

Refers to the U.S.’s policy of expanding its political, economic, and cultural influence over other countries, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

How did the DeLome Letter cause the Spanish-American War?

This letter criticized President McKinley, offending Americans and intensifying anti-Spanish feelings

How did the USS Maine cause the Spanish-American War?

Americans blamed the sinking of the USS Maine on the Spanish and it became a rally cry for war

How did Yellow Journalism cause the Spanish-American War?

Journalists like William Randolph Hearst exaggerated stories, supported the rebels, and followed an aggressive foreign policy

Why did imperialist support expansion overseas?

They believed that raw materials and new markets were needed to help American industry compete with Europe

Why did anti-imperialists oppose expansion overseas?

They believed it contradicted the principles of republicanism, it favored self-determination for nations, and they feared competition would cause war

What was the goal of the Open Door policy?

The goal was to allow all countries to trade openly with China, to prevent on country from dominating the market and materials with China

What happened after the Spanish-American War?

• America purchased the Philippines from Spanish, which caused the Filipino-American war

How did the Roosevelt Corollary show continuity and change from the Monroe Doctrine?

Continuity - continued the policy set under James Monroe that nations of the Western Hemisphere were not open to colonization by European powers

Change - increased American intervention in Latin America, asserting that the U.S. had the responsibility to ensure stability in the Western Hemisphere

How did the National American Women’s Suffrage Association and the National Women’s Party differ?

National Women’s Party - used more aggressive tactics like picketing and wanted a constitutional amendment for women’s right to vote

NAWSA - they worked to gain suffrage at the state level for women

The Progressive Era

A period of widespread social and political reform efforts aimed at addressing issues stemming from rapid industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption

Woodrow Wilson

• Democratic party

• Called for anti-trust legislation, tariff reduction, and banking reform

William Howard Taft

• Republican party

• “Progressive Conservatism”

• Opposed Roosevelt and favored high tariffs

Theodore Roosevelt

• Bull Moose Party

• Called for social insurance programs, an 8 hour work day, and more federal economic regulations

How did Roosevelt respond to the Coal strike and how did that differ than any previous responses?

Roosevelt sided with workers, forcing mine owners to give in to some demands and this was different than Rutherford B. Hayes and Grover Cleveland because they sided with businesses during strikes, often sending troops

Progressive amendments

• 16th amendment

• 17th amendment

• 18th amendment

16th Amendment

Formally allowed Congress to levy an income tax and the government then instituted a graduated income tax system

17th Amendment

Called for direct election of senators and this allowed citizens to vote on their senator instead of state legislatures choosing senators

18th Amendment

This called for prohibition, which banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol

Why was the federal reserve system created? (bank)

It was created to establish economic stability by creating a central bank that oversaw monetary policy

Who were muckrakers?

Reform-minded journalists, writers, and photographers during the Progressive Era who exposed corruption and wrongdoing in established institutions

• Ida M. Tarbell

• Lincoln Steffens

• Upton Sinclair

Why did the U.S. join the fight in WWI?

• To make the world safe for democracy

• The sinking of the Lusitania with American’s on board

• The Zimmerman note proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico

Wartime acts

• Espionage act

• Sedition act

• Selective service act

Espionage act

This act made it illegal to obstruct military recruitment or aid the enemy

Sedition act

This act made it illegal to speak against the government and the war effort

Selective Service act

This act allowed the government to raise an army through conscription/the draft

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Schenck vs. U.S.?

The supreme court argued that the Espionage act was a constitutional limit on free speech because Charles Schenck created a “clear and present danger” when handing out pamphlets to resist the draft

What were some of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points? (principles for peace)

• Open diplomacy

• Freedom of the seas

• Disarmament

Why did some senators like Henry Cabot Lodge refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles? (the primary peace Treaty that ended WWI)

They felt that the Treaty punished Germany too much, leading to Germany resentment and aggression

What was the purpose of the Dawes plan?

This plan was intended to provide economic support to Europe following WWI and make it easier for Germany to repay their war reparations

What were some groups that supported Civil Rights for African Americans and what did they do?

• NAACP - focused on anti-lynching legislation and increasing voter participation and employment

• National Urban League - formed to assist African Americans moving to northern cities; eliminating discrimination and segregation

• United Negro Improvement Association - focused on black pride and a “Back to Africa” movement

Inventions during the Roaring 20’s

• Household appliances - middle class families purchased new appliances often on credit, such as vacuum cleaners and electric stoves

• Henry Ford’s Model T - middle and upper class families purchased the Model T for transportation often on installment plans

• The radio - families brought radios to listen to the news, music, and entertainment; also used for advertising

What were some challenges during the 1920’s?

• With the 18th Amendment, organized crime rose significantly

• Speakeasies came about, violating the Volstead Act (the act that defined the prohibition of alcohol)

• Palmer raids - happened during the Red Scare when government officials hunted for anarchists and communists

• National Origins Act - established immigration quotas that discriminated against Southern and Eastern Europeans

• Sacco and Vanzetti Case - Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted of murder with very little evidence

Causes and effects of the Great Depression

Causes

• Buying stocks on a margin

• Overproduction

• High tariffs

Effects

• Bank failures

• High unemployment

• Widespread homelessness

Why were Americans critical of Herbert Hoover’s Rugged Individualism? (advocated for self-reliance and limited government intervention in the economy)

It discouraged government intervention in the economic crisis and the people believed federal government should take more action to fix the troubled economy

Causes and effects of the Bonus March (a protest by veterans who demanded immediate payment of their promised bonus)

Causes

• A group of WWI veterans and their families marched on Washington in hopes of getting their WWI bonuses

Effects

• Hoover refused to give in to the demands of the veterans and even sent troops to put down the march

• It hurt Hoover’s public image

What were the goals of FDR’s fireside chats?

• Address the fears of the American people

• Inform the American people of the positions and actions of his administration

What were some reasons that FDR instituted his Bank Holiday?

• It would prevent additional bank failures and slow the panic

• It increased the public’s confidence in the banking

FDR’s New Deal Program

Programs that were aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression

What was the purpose of FDR’s Indian New Deal?

It attempted to undo the Native policies of the last 1800s

Why did FDR attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court?

Some of the Supreme Court leaders declared several of his new deal programs unconstitutional

Why did America adopt the “Cash and Carry” program? (allowed the U.S. to sell war supplies to countries engaged in WWII)

The U.S. wanted to avoid getting dragged into another world war, because of loans

How did certain groups contribute to the war effort? (WWII)

• Tuskegee Airmen - they were the first black pilots in the U.S. military service and they escorted American bombers as they flew over Italy

• Native American Code Talkers - they used their traditional language to transmit secret Allied messages in the Pacific

• Women’s Army Corps - they were the first females to serve as Army soldiers among males, and they served in non-combat roles

• Braceros - they were Mexican immigrants who work on farms and railroads, helping the U.S. to produce and transport food for the Allies

What was the strategy that Americans used in the Pacific?

They used “Island Hopping” and they hoped to gain control over the Pacific by going to island to island as stepping stones

How did the War Production Board in 1942, before WWII continue the same way it did in WWI?

Both sought to coordinate and control production to support the war effort