Release of Mandela ad Unbanning of political parties
Mandela released 1990, travelled to London and given 8 minute standing ovation at concert, met with thatcher, became ANC leader 1991 (after Tambo fell ill) - shows De Klerk willing to make genuine reforms and push anti-apartheid movement towards peaceful settlement
ANC, PAC, and SACP unbanned by De Klerk (1990), Ramaphosa selected Sec-general of ANC - Sought to bring COSATU and UDF into ANC (UFD disbanded in 1991) - strengthened centralised control, Mokaba revived ANCYL
CODESA 1
Charged with preparing groundwork for new constitution
Challenging as all parties had military wing (excluding Dems), Inkhata, PAC and Cons refused to attend
Declaration of intent committed govt to creating non-radical multi-party democracy with PR, supported by 1992 referendum w/ 69% support - gave De Klerk mandate to start CODESA 2
Threats to negotiation
ANC - Winnie accuses of murdering opponents (weakened Mandela Position), exile meant lack of internal origination, Grassroots members difficult to control
Black Violence - over 350 blacks killed on commuter trains, Inkhata sought to retain status quo, PAC targeted both whites and blacks BUT lost support after killing American aid worker
White Violence - AWB carried out bombings, stormed Negotiations, paramilitary nature appealed to many Afrikaners
Impact of violence
Undermined negotiations - SA in state of ‘undeclared civil war’ with up to 60,000 killed, parts of ANC sought to undermine negotiations in favour of violence (Mokaba)
BUT strengthened resolve for settlement - Boipatong killings concentrated efforts (40 meeting Jun-sept 1992)