CSD 353 Respiratory Science, 353 Exam I

muscles for inhalation

These are the muscles used for...

1. diaphragm

2. external intercostals

muscles for exhalation

these are the muscles used for...

1. internal intercostals

2. external oblique/ internal oblique

3. rectus obliques

4. transverse obliques.

Pharynx

Which structure is not part of the lower respiratory system?

1. larynx

2. pharynx

3. trachea

4. bronchi

True

T/F during exhalation, the diaphragm rises?

2

Question: How many mainstem bronchi do we have?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 4

4. 5

5

Question: How many secondary bronchi do we have?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 4

4. 5

true

t/f the lungs are part of the pulmonary system

false

t/f the pressure in the pleural space is positive

thoracic

question: to which vertebrae do the ribs attach to?

1. cervical

2. thoracic

3. lumbar

4. sacral

thoracic

question: which structure is not part of the sternum?

1. manubrium

2. thoracic

3. xiphoid

4. body

False

t/f when our lungs are expanding, air pressure is increasing?

False

air rushes into our lungs because the pressure in our lungs become more positive.

Inhalation

lungs expand as inside pressure drops (-). air rushes in to reestablish equilibrium

exhalation

lungs contract and inside pressure rises (+). air rushes out to reestablish equilibrium.

resting expiratory level

The point in the respiratory system where pressure in the lungs equals the atmospheric pressure and the forces to compress and expand the lungs are equal. This point occurs at the end of exhalation and before inhalation during quiet breathing.

Tidal volume

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during any single respiratory cycle.

Inspiratory Reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in a tidal volume cycle.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a passive exhalation/from resting expiratory level.

Residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs and airways after maximum exhalation. This can only be measured post-mortem.

Lung volumes

1. tidal volumes

2. inspiratory reserve volume

3. expiratory reserve volume

4. residual volume

Lung capacities

1. inspiratory capacity

2. vital capacity

3. functional residual capacity

4. total lung capacity

inspiratory capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level.

Vital capacity

the amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

functional residual capacity

the amount of air in the lungs after normal exhalation

total lung capacity

the amount of air in the lungs that are capable of holding at the height of maximum inhalation.

inspiratory capacity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Functional residual capacity

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

total lung capacity

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

air pressures

1. alveolar pressure

2. subglottal pressure

3. intraoral pressure

Checking action

Performed primarily by the external intercostals. As we exhale we need to "hold back" the decent of the rib cage. External intercostals stop contracting as exhalation enters tidal volume and expiratory muscles begin to contract.

switching from life breathing to speech breathing

4 major changes occur when we...

1. location

2. volume

3. time

4. muscle

location of air in life breathing

majority of inhalation and exhalation is through the nose.

location of air in speech breathing

majority of inhalation and exhalation is through the mouth

ratio of time in life breathing

inhalation and exhalation are about equal in duration (4 seconds). Inhalation accounts for about 40% of the duration and exhalation accounts for 60% of the duration.

ratio of time in speech breathing

Exhalation can last up to 25 seconds (90%) and inhalation is usually 2 seconds or less (10%).

volume of air in life breathing

inhalation: up to about 50% of vital capacity (500 ml.). exhalation: down to about 40% of vital capacity (500 ml.) 500 ml. is about 10% of our vital capacity (5000 ml.)

volume of air in speech breathing

inhalation: up to about 60% of vital capacity. Exhalation: down to about 38% of vital capacity (REL). 60-38% = we use about 20% more of our vital capacity.

muscle activity in life breathing

inhalation (Active): minimal external intercostals and diaphragm. Diaphragm moves 1.5 cm; 525 cc; tidal volumes. Paralyzed diaphragm>> external intercostals.

Exhalation (passive "recoil forces"). 1. gravity pulling on rib cage. 2. recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, lung tissues 3.surface tension of the alveoli lessens-- recoil forces generate relaxation pressures.

pressure relaxation curve (passive)

+ (positive) at lung volume larger than the resting level

- (negative) at lung volume smaller than the resting level.

departure from relaxation pressure requires active muscular effort

u-tube manometer

measures respiratory driving pressure (breath pressure) static. the liquid in the tube moves because the pressure increases.

hixon device

static measures of respiratory driving pressure.

(Needs more info)

muscle activity in speech breathing

inhalation (active): diaphragm, increased external intercostals. Exhalation (active): checking action of the external intercostals. Prevents the thoracic cavity and lungs from deflating too quickly to maintain adequate sub glottal pressure. Primarily the abdominals contract to prolong exhalation and secondarily the internal intercostals. When alveolar pressure is low for speech, (below 55% vc) exhalation uses expiratory muscles.

Sustained vowels

requires constant air flow to vibrate vocal folds. Lung volume and pressure changes. Inspiratory and expiratory muscles contract. Both relaxation pressure and muscular pressure help extend production.

Lung volumes: decrease at a constant rate.

Alveolar pressure: abrupt start and finish.

Connected speech

Variable: timing of inspiration (clauses, utterances, "commas" etc.). Linguistic complexity of utterance, loudness. Type of phonemes spoken, emotional arousal.

Still needs air flow steadily and relatively constant alveolar pressure

False

T/F resting expiratory level occurs after inhalation and before exhalation during your resting breath

Expiratory reserve volume

Question: The air you are using when you are talking and it feels like you are running out of air. What is it called?

1. residual air

2. expiratory capacity

3. expiratory reserve volume

4. inspiratory reserve volume

True

T/F if you are using a loud speaking voice, you are using an additional 20% of your vital capacity than a typical speaking voice.

true

t/f while silently reading a book (tidal volume) the diaphragm is the primary active respiratory muscle.

Relaxation pressure

Question: the passive recoil force that occurs during exhalation generate pressure known as...

1. recoil pressure

2. relaxation pressure

3. alveolar pressure

4. muscle pressure

False

T/F at 80% vital capacity, positive muscular pressure is needed to counteract relaxation pressures.

Vital capacity

Question: everything you can exhale after you inhale as deeply as possible.

1. inspiratory capacity

2. vital capacity

3. expiratory capacity

4. total lung capacity

Positive

Question: its most effective to produce speech when relaxation pressure is....

1. positive

2. negative

3. neutral

4. zero

vital capacity

Question: the usable air for speech? what is that?

1. total capacity

2. vital capacity

3. residual volume

4. expiratory reserve volume

pneumotacho meters (graph)

measures airflow in both directions by recording air pressure differences across a resistive screen. The pressure difference is sensed by an air pressure transducer. Transducer provides electrical signal proportional to airflow.

Pneumotachograph mask

measures airflow that changes rapidly during speech. only the tube in the mouth measures intraoral pressure. Convert pressure change to electric signals. Pressure transducer measures pressures during connected speech.

phonatory aerodynamic system (PAS)

records, displays, and measures pressures and flows that change rapidly. Pressure transducer is fitted into the tube. Converts pressure change to electric signal.

plethysmography body

air tight chamber. uses boyle's law. air pressure and volume in the chamber changes in relation to the chest wall movement. direct lung volumes.

plethysmography respiratory induction

independent measurement of the chest and abdomen. electrical signal sent to amplifier and recorded on a computer. Less combersome than full body. less expensive and portable. used during dynamic tasks.

Linearized magnetometer

coils front and back of rib cage and abdomen. Electromagnetic field is created. strength of the voltage of the emitting current is measured from the distance between the two coils. lung volume, rib cage exposure and abdominal excursions.

Dry spirometer

a turbine which rotates as air passes through it and this rotation indicates the volume and flow of air.

turbine

measures airflow in both directions by recording light (infrared or LED) interpretation. Receiver measures rate of light interruption from source. higher flow = faster turbine.

pulmonary function testing

measures amount inhale and exhale and how efficient our inhale and exhales are. Predicted value 80-120% of average is normal.

Forced vital capacity

the amount of air exhaled forcefully. 75-85% of this is found in healthy individuals.

Wet spirometer

the tube goes up through the container to air. it captures air in an inverted container that is open at the bottom. lung volume changes are indicated by the rise of the container in a bath of water. It can measure: tidal volume, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, inspiratory reserve volume.

inhalation

when P alv is negative, air from the atmosphere is forced to enter the respiratory system, because air moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

exhalation

when p alv is positive air from inside the lungs is forced out of the respiratory system to the atmosphere.

spirometer

is a device that measures the amount of air individual inhales or exhales and the rate at which the air moves into or out of his or her lungs.

end expiratory level

end point of a normal quiet expiratory exhalation; equal to resting expiratory level. At this level, there is still more air in the lungs that could be exhaled by using the expiratory muscle to pull down on the rib cage, compress the abdominal contents and decreasing lung volume even further.

lung volume

refers to the amount of air in the lungs at a given time and how much of that air is used for various purpose, including speech.

dead air

a small amount of volume of air in the lungs and airway. It is the very last to be inhaled and is therefore the first to be exhaled during the next cycle of respirations.

recoil force

forces are generated when structures are restored to their original positions after being disposed

relaxation pressure

the air pressure generated by the passive recoil force.

prephonatory chest wall movements

positioning of the chest wall that facilitates the generation of pressures for speech production.

Change in speech breathing for infants and young children

0-3 infants, biochemical differences. Lung volume: moving the abdomen. Stronger passive recoil forces of the lungs in infants. Initiate vocalization at the beginning of exhalation. Lung volume continues to increase until the age of 16. Refinement of speech breathing continues to adolescence

Change in speech breathing for young children

generates higher pressure for speech. Terminate breath group below REL. Higher passive recoil forces at high lung volume. As a young child ages, the rib age continues to contribute more to increase the lung volume

Change in speech breathing for older adults

The elderly have the largest rib cage contribution to volume change. Decreased strength, lung size, and chest wall compliance. Increased ossification and calcification of costal cartilage. Decreased elastic recoil pressure generated. Larger movement of the abdomen for speech breathing. Reduced VC, IRV, ERV. Increased RV. Inspiratory muscle forces likely better preserved than expiratory muscle forces.

Boyle's Law

Volume and pressure are inversely related. Increase in volume is a decrease in pressure and vice versa

Respiration

Air flows from high to low pressure

Inhalation

Lungs expand as inside pressure decrease (increase in volume, decrease in pressure); air rushes in to re-establish equilibrium

Exhalation

Lungs contract and inside pressure rises (decrease in volume, increase in pressure); air rushes out to re-establish equilibrium

How do we measure respiration

Using a system to classify volumes of air in relation to respiration by examining lung volumes and lung capacities

What influences the efficiency and was of breathing

Efficiency with which lungs expand and conract

Resting Expiratory Level (REL)

Air is not entering or leaving the respiratory system; the alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure; no muscular or nonvascular forces used during REL

Tidal Volume

Volume inhaled or exhaled during a single cycle

Inspiratory reserve volume

About inhaled beyond tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount exhaled beyond tidal volumes

Residual volume

Amount that remains in the lungs and airways after maximal exhalation

Role of residual volume

Keep gas exchange ongoing during respiratory cycle

Inspiratory capacity

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level

Vital Capacity

Maximum volume of air you can exhale after as deep an inhalation as possible

Functional residual capacity

The volume of air in the lungs at the REL

Total lung capacity

Volume of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation

Addition of inspiratory capacity

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Addition of vital capacity

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve volume

Addition of functional residual capacity

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

Addition of total lung capacity

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of residual volume

~1000cc

Forces generated by the respiratory process for speech

Alveolar pressure, sub glottal pressure, intraoral pressure

Checking action

External intercostals stop contracting as exhalation enters tidal volume and expiratory muscles begin to contract; check the descent of the rib cage