western civ 2 running study number 2

the enlightenment

an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism

europe, but centered in paris

where did the enlightenment happen?

isaac newton

english physicist who formulated the laws of gravity and made the 1st reflecting telescope

rene descartes

“i think, therefore I am” person, said humans have doubt, skepticism, reason, rationality, should use scientific method

john locke

englishman who wrote the “treatise on government”, descrive the social contract

social contract

humans agree to give up certain freedoms for life liberty and property protection

voltaire

french satirist who criticized religion in funny ways

denis diderot

created the first encyclopedia

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

built on Locke’s social contract - favored direct democracy and smaller governments

had ideas about education being practical and useful for everyday life

seven years war

the first war fought on a global scale, 1756-63 across 4 continents involving European powers

Main: N America, Europe, India

Fort william

the British port built in Calcutta, India during the seven years war, the Indian rulers saw this fort and were worried, asked the British to leave but they refused, the local Indian army attacked the fort and won

Black Hole of Calcutta

the 1756 Indian imprisoning of British POWs in Fort William, 65 people stuffed into a cell only made for a few, only 20 people survived overnight - led to a British military response

Battle of Plassey

the response to the Black Hole of Calcutta, British army was outnumbered but then prepared for rain when Indians were not, British won and resulted in them having a big force in India for years after

the French and Indian war

what was the seven years war called in N America?

Britain and France

who were the 2 powers fighting in the French and Indian war?

trade purposes

why did both the French and British want the area by the fork of the OH rivers?

britain

who wins the French and Indian war?

taking the american colonies

how did the British Parliament raise money to pay for the 7 years war?

first continental congress

a meeting in Fall 1774, Philadelphia, PA, to address concerns with British unfair rule, not sure what to do yet but even meeting was a bold move, wanted to show unity

the battle on concord bridge/lexington and concord

what battle did the American revolution start at?

declaration of independence

written in 1776 to break up with the British, claimed the US was free and independent states

republicanism

the guiding political philosophy of the founding fathers, stresses liberty, unalienable rights, rejected monarchy and inherited power, and expected citizens to vote and participate

Republican motherhood

stresses a woman’s proper place in the home, trusts women to teach the virtues of American Republicanism to kids

Marquis de LaFayette

called the Philadelphia State house the “Hall of Independence” for the first time, French man on a tour of the US

consequences of the American Revolution

• a new nation is born!

  • 13 colonies become the USA

  • focus of the British Empire shifts to the Indian subcontinent

Adam Smith

wrote “the Wealth of Nations”, contended that free trade was the best way to promote wealth (not by tariffs)

• there is infinite wealth in the world

• higher productivity does not always lead to higher wages

• against slavery because it is a bad economic move (more expensive than hiring workers)

Zong Massacre

the Zong was a slave ship in Liverpool, England, took out insurance on slaves then dumped a bunch in the water to get a pay out, insurance refused

used by abolitionists to campaign against slavery

Brooks

a slave ship with a 400 capacity, was a big image of the horrors of the slave trade

England

where did the Industrial Revolution start?

spinning Jenny

an invention in the textile industry, allowed multiple threads to be spun simultaneously

steam engine

an invention by James Watt, allowed us to no longer be reliant on nature, used water to generate electricity, replaced water wheels

new energy sources that powered new machinery

coal, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosine)

new farm machinery

what led to fewer farm workers being needed?

rural to urban migration

described the movement of people into cities as a result of the Industrial Revolution

transportation before the Industrical revolution

• canal bridges

• ships powered by sails

• horse drawn wagons

• carts

  • carriages

transportation after the Industrial Revolution

• trains

• steamships

  • trolleys

consequences of the Industrial Revolution

• mass produced goods - increased in both # and diversity

• rural to urban migration

• growth of new socio-economic classes

• commitment to research and development

the french revolution

what event ended the early modern period?

why the french revolution began

• enlightenment ideas of equality and unalienable rights

• desperate conditions of inequality and poverty

• the rich being super out of touch with the needs of the poor

  • royalty taxing the poor unfairly to pay for wars and extravagant living

estates general

a parliamentary body that advised the king of france at his will, every category got one vote (the Church, nobility, and commoners)

Palace of Versailles

a palace in France that was a good example of how extravagantly the royalty spent the poor people’s tax money

tennis court oath

made at the first French National Assembly meeting, a vow to continue to meet until France had a constitution, eventually all estates joined in on these meetings

the Bastille

a state prison in central Paris that became a symbol of the French Revolution, was stormed on July 14, 1789 and marked when King Louis lost control

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

made in August 1789 by the French national assembly, their version of the declaration of independence, their king refused to accept it

a constitutional monarchy

the first constitution made during the French Revolution declared their government as what?

Flight to Varennes

June 1791, King Louis and Marie tried to flee to Austria and start a war against France to get rid of the Revolution

a republic

in September 1792, after King Louis tried to flee and at a national assembly meeting, what did they declare their government as?

they were beheaded

what happened to king Louis and Marie after they committed treason?

they became scared and wanted to fight France

when King Louis was beheaded, what happened with the rest of Europe?

Reign of Terror

a period where lots of people were executed for supporting a monarchy and not supporting the revolution, an attempt to keep France as a republicd

de-Christianization

a process France went through to get rid of religion and keep a republic, lots of radical things done

Maximilien Robespierre

who headed the reign of terror?