Norris APush midterm

How did maize impact Natives?

Cultivation occurred in Mexico - led to permanent civilizations

What was Native life like in the Great Plains and Great Basin?

Largely mobile (nomadic) - climate was arid

What was Native life like in the Northeast and Mississippi River Valley?

Mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies -> permanent villages

What was Native life like in the Northwest and CA?

Hunting and gathering, some communities were supported by resources of the ocean

What were reasons for European exploration?

3 G's - Gold (wealth), Glory (military competition), and God (spread Christianity)

What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe?

New crops from the Americas (potatoes, maize) led to an increase in population, new wealth (gold and silver)

What were technological reasons for European exploration?

Improvements in maritime technology (sextant and caravel)

What was the impact of Spanish conquest on the Americas?

Widespread deadly epidemics (smallpox, measles, etc) - devastated Native populations; introduction of horses and cattle - horses increased movement and made hunting easier

What was the purpose of the Encomienda System?

Using Native labor on plantations and mines - Natives were converted to Christianity. Later replaced by African Slavery

What was the impact of the Spanish Caste System?

Incorporated the diverse population (Africans, Natives, Europeans) and limited social mobility

How were Natives often viewed by many Europeans?

As uncivilized

What were characteristics of French and Dutch colonization?

Few Europeans were sent over - relied on trade alliances (for fur in particular) with Natives and often intermarried

What were characteristics of English colonization?

Large number of male AND female immigrants - sought economic prosperity and religious freedom (Puritans) - focused on agriculture (tobacco in the Chesapeake); lived separately from Natives

What were characteristics of Spanish colonization?

Sent many males, sought to acquire wealth (gold and silver), Converted and subjugated Natives

What were characteristics of the Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies?

Focused on growing tobacco - labor intensive; initially used indentured servants, and later African slavery (after Bacon's Rebellion - 1676)

What were characteristics of New England colonies?

Initially settled by Puritans, small towns and family farms - mixed economy of agriculture and commerce (some whaling too!)

What were characteristics of the Middle Colonies?

Focused on cereal crops, the most religious, ethnic, and culturally diverse of the British colonies. Religious toleration (PA)

Where were characteristics of the southernmost Atlantic coast (SC and GA) and British West Indies?

Long growing seasons -> plantations that grew sugar and rice. Enslaved Africans often made up most of the population -> strict slave codes.

Why did the British colonies create self-governing institutions? (Think VA House of Burgesses, New England Town Hall Meetings, etc.)

Great distance from Britain and the policy of salutary neglect.

What caused conflict between Natives and British colonists?

LAND. Military conflicts such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England was over land.

What was the significance of the Pueblo Revolt? (Southwestern US - Pueblo Indians against the Spanish)

The Pueblos forced the Spanish to leave for over 10 years. After the Spanish regained control, they were more accommodating to Native American culture.

What was the impact of the 1st Great Awakening?

More individuals converted to Christianity, rise in the number of church denominations.

Where was slavery located in the British colonies?

Everywhere - New England - small farms, port cities, plantations in the Chesapeake (again, post Bacon's Rebellion) and the Southernmost Atlantic coast. Most slaves were in the West Indies.

How was one defined as a slave?

If the person's mother was a slave, then they became a slave.

How did slaves resist slavery?

Overt ways - sabotage and rebellion, covert ways - working slowly, faking illness, breaking tools. Many slaves sought to preserve some aspects of autonomy.

What was the impact of the 7 Years' War? (French and Indian)

France was removed from North America, Britain was in MASSIVE debt, ended salutary neglect, and began taxing the colonists. The war altered the relationship between the British and the colonists.

Why did the British seek to prevent colonists from moving westward after the 7 Years' War?

To prevent conflicts between colonists and Natives (Pontiac's Rebellion)

What 4 events occurred in 1763?

Think PEEP. (I'm so proud I came up with this one). Pontiac's Rebellion, End of 7 Years' War, End of salutary neglect, Proclamation Line of 1763.

What united the colonists in resisting the British in the 1760s and 1770s?

TAXES (Know a few - Stamp,, Sugar, Townshend, etc) WITHOUT colonial consent, perceived and real constraints on economic activities and political rights (Quartering Acts).

What arguments did colonial leaders use to resist Britain after the 7 Years' War?

Rights of British subjects, natural rights, traditions of self-rule, ideas of the Enlightenment.

Who contributed to the Patriot effort?

Men and women of all classes, and elites such as Ben Franklin - boycotted British goods, provided financial and material support to the war effort.

How did the colonists win the war?

Leadership of George Washington, Colonists' commitment to ideology and resilience, assistance from Europe (especially France after the Battle of Saratoga)

What was the message of Common Sense?

Thomas Paine's writing encouraged America to break away from England. This helped influence the Declaration of independence.

What was "republican motherhood"?

Called for women to teach republican values within the family and provided education opportunities for women.

What impact did the Declaration of Independence and American Revolution have on the world?

Inspired revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America.

What were issues with the Articles of Confederation?

Created a WEAK central government with issues over trade, finances, interstate commerce, and internal unrest (Shays' Rebellion)

What was the Great Compromise?

Created a bicameral legislature (combined VA and NJ plans to create Congress) one house based on representation, one house has equal representation

What was the 3/5 Compromise?

Determined 3/5 slaves would count towards population for representation in Congress - favored the South.

When was the international slave trade banned?

1808

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

To gain support for the ratification of the Constitution.

What made the anti-federalists finally support the Constitution?

The promise of adding a Bill of Rights.

What were reasons for the creation of the 1st Party System (Democratic-Republicans and Federalists)

Debates over: the relationship between federal and state governments, economic policy (Hamilton's financial plan and Bank of the US), foreign policy (French Revolution)

What was the Northwest Ordinance?

Created under the Articles of Confederation. Created a process for admitting new states, promoted public education, protected private property, and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

What was the message of George Washington's Farewell Address?

He warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances. ***This is a GREAT synthesis point for almost ANY essay on US foreign policy.***

What issues did the political parties debate over in the early 1800s? (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

Tariffs, power of the federal government, relations with European powers (France and England)

What did Supreme Court decisions determine in the early 1800s? (Under John Marshall)

The primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution (think judicial review) and giving federal laws power over state governments (think Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland)

What did Whigs and Democrats disagree over?

Role and powers of the federal government, National Bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements (Think Henry Clay's American System)

What helped decide a politicians beliefs/stance on slavery and economic policy?

The region they lived it. Regional interests often trumped national concerns.

What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening?

Moral and social reforms (think abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.)

How did enslaved and free blacks seek to change their status?

Joined political efforts and they employed strategies to protect their dignity and family structures.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

Women's Rights convention that sought greater equality (attended by men too such as Frederick Douglass)

What were new innovations during the Market Revolution?

Textile machinery (spinning jenny), steam engines, interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney), telegraph, and agricultural inventions (cotton gin - Whitney again)

What regions were closely linked as a result of the Market Revolution?

North and Midwest (most of the internal improvements occurred there too)

How did the production of goods change during the Market Revolution?

Goods were increasingly made outside the home. Women and men began working in factories.

Where did international immigrants settle during this time? (Think Old Immigration - Germany and Ireland)

Irish settled in northern cities, Germans settled on the frontier - worked as farmers (CINCINNATI!)

What was the American System?

Henry Clay!'s plan to unify the American economy. Focused on a 2nd BUS, Internal Improvements, and Tariffs. The north and midwest benefitted more than the south.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

President Monroe's message to Europe to NOT colonize any new land in Latin America. The US would stay out of European affairs.

Why did slavery expand west of the Appalachian Mountains?

Cotton depleted land (like tobacco did earlier) and was very profitable -> desire for more land.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

3 parts: Maine was a free state, Missouri was a slave state, everything above 3630 latitude line would be free, everything below would be slave. This applied to ONLY the Louisiana Purchase. Later overturned by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (possible synthesis point).

What were reasons for westward migration? (Manifest Destiny)

Access to natural and mineral resources, economic opportunities for settlers, religious refuge (Mormons).

What were arguments to annex western lands?

Manifest Destiny and American institutions (democracy).

What were the impacts of the US acquiring the Mexican Cession?

Debates over the status of slavery (Wilmot Proviso), Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.

How did the government encourage westward migration?

Passing new legislation (think Homestead Act) encouraging settlers to move west, government gave land and subsidies to RR companies.

What was the goal of the Nativist movement?

It was especially Anti-Catholic. The nativists hoped to limit the power and cultural influence of the immigrants (Irish and Germans).

What was the free soil movement?

Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories.

What were ways abolitionists campaigned against slavery?

Moral arguments (think William Lloyd Garrison), assisting slaves' escapes (think Underground RR), using violence (think Bleeding-Kansas and Harpers Ferry).

How did the South justify and defend slavery?

They claimed slavery was a positive good (John C. Calhoun).

What was the Compromise of 1850?

Dealt with the Mexican Cession - popular sovereignty would be used in the territory, slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., California was added as a free state, a more strict fugitive slave law was created.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Overturned the MO Compromise - introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sanford?

Slaves were property, not citizens; Congress could NOT legislate slavery in the territories.

What did Lincoln campaign on in the election of 1860?

A free soil platform - non extension of slavery

What was a result of the election of 1860?

South Carolina seceded from the union, with other states following afterwards.

How did Lincoln's views towards the war change over time?

Lincoln viewed the war initially as preserving the union, but eventually sought to end slavery -> Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address.

Why did the Union ultimately prevail in the Civil War?

Improvements in leadership and strategy (Grant and the "Anaconda Plan"), Key Victories - Gettysburg, Antietam, Greater resources - more factories and RRs, the South's infrastructure was destroyed.

What did the 13 - 15 amendments do?

13 - abolished slavery

14 - granted citizenship and equal protection

15 - universal adult male suffrage

Why did the 15 amendment split the women's rights movement?

Some women advocated suffrage be extended to women as well as African American males.

Why did Reconstruction end?

Compromise of 1877 withdrew troops from the South; The North's WANING resolve led to many in the North to no longer support Reconstruction.

What is sharecropping?

Renting of land to former slaves - limited economic opportunities to former slaves and poor whites in the south.

What were ways the South resisted the 14th and 15th amendments? (Great Short Answer Question if you ask me)

Segregation - Jim Crow laws

Violence - KKK an White League

Supreme Court Decisions - Plessy v. Ferguson ("Separate but equal")

Local political tactics - poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses