urine and tube agglutination

quiz 4

what is agglutination titration used for 

used to estimate the concentration of antibodies in a patients serum 

antitbody titer

defined as the reciprocal of the highest at which agglutination occurs

what is in the urinary tract

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

what is a healthy tract

only the urethra is colonized by bacteria

what are UTIs?

chronic or acute infection may occur all along the urinary tract 

what is the most common infection?

e. coli

what indicates an infection?

• presence of bacteria does not equal infection 

• presence of wbc and rbc can be an indicator of infection 

• abnormally high numbers of bacteria can indicate infection 

what parts of the urinary tract are sterile?

kidney, ureter, bladder

what parts of the urinary tract are non-sterile?

urethra

what type of bacteria are usually UTIs

gram - rods or gram + cocci

what is the mL that is common in infections

10,000 ml - 100,000 ml

how much mL is common in healthy individuals?

< 10,000 mL 

what is the dipstick test

multitude of tests for numerous conditions as well as signs of infection

what does emb agar have 

eosin methlyene blue agar

• selective media that inhibits growth of gram + bacteria 

what does positive growth on emb plate show? 

metallic green 

what does negative growth mean?

no color / transluscent

blood agar plates grows what?

gram - and gram + bacteria

what does the glucose test detect?

glucose in urine

what does glucose in urine mean?

possible diabetes

what does bilirubin test for?

degradation product of hemoglobin

what does the degradation product of hemoglobin mean

liver of gall problems 

what does ketones test for?

end products of rapid or excessive fatty acid breakdown 

what does ketones in urine mean? 

uncontrolled diabetes, starvation or fasting, anorexia, high-protein or low carb diet, protracted vomiting  

what does specific gravity test for?

• the concentration of solutes in the urine

• normal is between 1.002 and 1.028

what does the specific gravity range mean?

• less than 1.002 means the patient may have diabetes 

• more than 1.028 means the patient is dehydrated 

what does blood test detect? 

hemoglobin or erythrocytes in urine 

what does hemoglobin and erythrocytes mean? 

early sign of kidney or urinary tract disease 

what is the normal pH of urine?

4.6 - 8

what does Alkaline pH mean?

may indicate UTI, renal failure, vomiting

what does acidic pH mean?

indicates emphysema, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea 

what is the normal urine protein count? 

0 to 8 mg/dl

what a higher concentration of urine protein mean? 

higher concentration of protein may indicate congestive heart failure, kidney infection

what is the normal range of urobilinogen?

0.2 - 1 mg/dl

what does an increased level of urobilinogen mean? 

increased level is an early sign of liver disease and hemolytic disorders 

what does the nitrite test test for?

early sign of liver disease and hemolytic disorders 

what is the normal amount of leukocytes in urine 

normal urine has no leukocytes

what does leukocytes in urine mean?

indication of UTI or kidney infection