APUSH 7DEF

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty created during the Paris Peace Conference that demanded Germany pay for the war and create the League of Nations, US Senate rejected treaty & US involvment in the League

Bolschevism

Communist sentiment, related to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia that overthrew the government

Red Scare

Fear that communism would spread to the United States

Red Summer

Summer and fall of 1919 that was marked by violent race riots between blacks and whites in both the North and South (Chicago, Washington DC, and Arkansas)

Why were there so many strikes in 1917 and 1919?

Wilson had lifted war-time price controls on food, but wages had not increased, corporate leaders rescinded labor concessions and wage increases from the war, returning soldiers dissatisfied with economic conditions at home, high unemployment as US comes down from war production high.

What was the link between labor unions and the Red Scare?

Many Americans feared that labor strikes were being instigated by communist sympathisizers

What factors led to the political shift from Democrat to Republican during the election of 1920?

Wilson had angered many by spending six months at the Paris Peace Conference, many felt that democrats' policies had pulled us into a war that was not our fight, desired a return to isolationism.

Boston Police Strike (1919)

70% of Boston's police force went on strike demanding higher wages and the right to unionize. MA Governor, Calvin Coolidge, activates the National Guard on grounds that public safety workers did not have the right to strike

What were the demands of labor unions, such as the American Federation of Labor, in the 1920s?

Federal ownership of rail roads, higher wages, right of industries to unionize, safer working conditions, shorter work day

United Mine Workers of America

Organization that sought higher wages, shorter work day, and safer conditions for American miners (major strike in 1919)

A. Mitchell Palmer

US Attorney General who appointed J. Edgar Hoover to lead an investigation into radicalism in the United States.

J. Edgar Hoover

Appointed by Palmer to investigate the spread of radicalism in the US

Palmer Raids

Investigation led by J. Edgar Hoover of more than 150,000 people for ties to communism, anarchism, and radicalism. More than 10,000 detained and/or deported

Sacco & Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti charged with killing two in suburb of Boston, accused of being radicals, draft dodgers, and anarchists during the trial. Found guilty, but many felt trial was unjust. Resulted in wide-spread public and international outcry, but they were ultimately electrocuted despite demands for new trial

Why did the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti result in such a large public outcry?

It was seen as a disconnect between rich and poor, a reflection of America's class conflict.

"Birth of a Nation"

Highly racially discriminatory film by D. W. Griffith that helped inspire the resurgence of the KKK and anti-black and anti-immigrant sentiment in 1915

What led to the decline of the KKK in the later half of the 1920s?

David Stephenson, a public leader of the KKK, arrested to brutal kidnapping, rape, assault, and murder of a woman. Investigation of the KKK by the US Congress for embezzlement

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

Ended open immigration by placing a strict quota on the number of people allowed into the United States (only 3% of the population)

Immigration Act of 1924

Extended the Emergency Quota Act and further cut allowable immigration from 3% to 2% of US population based on the 1890 Census, Asians banned completely, aimed primarily at Eastern Europeans, Latin Americans and Canadians not banned at all.

Immigration Act of 1929

Cut immigration levels to 152,000 per year

Scopes Money Trial (1925)

(Scopes v. Tennessee)

Tennessee bans the teaching of evolution, TN high school biology teachers, John Scopes, indicted for teaching evolution. Noted lawyer, Clarence Darrow, defends Scopes and William Jennings Bryan was the lawyer for the prosecution. Seen as putting religion versus science on trial. Huge public interest in the trial. Scopes found guilty.

Butler Act

Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of any scientific theory that contradicted the divine creation of man as is taught in the Bible. Led to the Scopes Monkey Trial (

18th Amendment

Outlawed the sells, distribution , and consumption of alcoholic drink

Why was alcohol prohibited?

Felt it led to violence against women and children, encouraged laziness, and led to the moral decay of society. Prohibition was supported by religious conservatives and women

What were the key problems of the 18th Amendment?

Did not have wide-spread public support, Led to increase in crime, alcohol was easily manufactured at home, huge profits could be made from bootlegging, many local governments and police refused to enforce it, led to organized crime

Who won the Election of 1920?

Warren G. Harding and his running mate, Calvin Coolidge

Who lost the election of 1920?

James M. Cox and his running mate, Franklin D. Roosevelt

What does the election of 1920 illustrate about American politics in the wake of WWI?

Decline in progressivism, desire to return to isolationism, and a shift to republican control in both Congress and the White House

What was the main idea behind Harding's campaign?

A return to normalcy

What is nativism?

Anti-immigration sentiment

What fueled nativism in the 1920s?

Feelings that immigration help pull US into WWI, post-war economic recession, fear that immigrants were taking American jobs, dissatisfaction of returning war vets, fear of the rise of communism and anarchy

Great Unrest of 1919

Period of intense and sometimes violent labor strikes by radical labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies), series of bombings believed to be causes by anarchists, fear of the influence of communism in the US, racial riots and violence in the summer and fall of 1919, wide-spread economic uncertainty

Sedition Act of 1918

Act that outlawed speech that opposed the US involvement in WWI and the US war effort

"Reds"

Communist sympathizers

Dr. Hiram Wesley Evans

Founder of the "New Klan which led to the resurgence of the KKK in 1920s.

What was "new" about the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s?

The Klan of the 1920's focused on "Americanism" and opposed Catholics, Jews, immigrants, labor unions, socialist, as well as African Americans.

What helped the Ku Klux Klan gain in membership during the 1920s?

Increased nativist sentiment, fear of the spread of communism and anarchy, the political and economic unrest of 1919, their support for prohibition, and leadership could profit by selling Klan regalia to new members resulting in wide-spread active recruitment campaigns

What were the two main strikes that would have a huge economic impact on the 1920s?

American Federation of Labor's strike of steel workers and the United Mine Workers strike in the coal mine industry

Washington Naval Conference (1921)

Meeting of nine nations in Washington DC to discuss disarming large naval powers. Resulted in the Five Power (5-5-3) Treaty

Five Power Treaty

Treaty agreed to in the Washington Naval Conference to limit naval forces to 500,000 tons for US & Great Britain and 300,000 tons for Japan

Fordeny-McCumber Tariff

Proposed to increase tariff on imported goods to 60% to protect American industry. Ultimately hurt the global economy because it hurt European trade

Dawes Plan

Plan to allow Germany to take out low-cost loans from several nations, including the US, in order to pay back war reparations. Angered Great Britain and France

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A Republican push to get nations to agree to not use war as an instrument of national policy. Signed by 61 nations, had no enforcement plan

What were some key problems the Harding administration faced?

Known for choosing close friends and advisors for high level positions ("Ohio Gang"), several of his advisors came under criminal investigation for corruption, and lacked understanding of key issues of the day such as economics and taxation

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding's Sec of the Interior, Albert Fall, illegally leased two naval oil reserves (Teapot Dome, WY and Elk Grove, CA), then sold the reserves to oilman Harry Sinclair pocketing the money for himself. Senate investigated, found Fall and Sinclair guilty of wrongdoing. Fall and Sinclair sentenced to prison.

What happens to Warren G. Harding?

Harding suffers bout of influenza in 1923 after a trip to Alaska leaving him weakened. Dies of a heart attack August 1923 in San Francisco

How was Coolidge as a President?

Supported pro-business and industry policies, continued high tariffs to protect American industry, wanted to give businesses tax credits to spur growth (similar to Reagan's "Trickle-Down" Theory, tended to be quiet and introspective

Who won the Election of 1924?

Calvin Coolidge and his running mate, Charles Dawes, by 54% of popular vote and 72% of Electoral Vote

Who ran against Coolidge in the election of 1924?

Democrat: John W. Davis. Progressive: Sen. Robert LaFollette

Andrew M. Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Focus was to increase revenue through tariffs and decrease gov spending. Believed that lower taxes on business would encourage business development

Henry Ford

Introduced mass-production technique for automobiles, making them affordable

Why was the Model T important

It was able to be mass produced and affordable car. By 1925, producing more than 9000 cars per day, cost for a Model T was $300. Marketed that every man could own a car

"Welfare Capitalism"

Industrialists belief that by providing benefits and higher wages, they could stop the spread of labor unions

What was the impact of "Welfare Capitalism"

People were earning higher wages, had a reduced work day, and better working conditions, decreased absenteeism and employee turnover, decreased the influence of labor unions.

What were the positive effects of the automobile?

Created jobs, fostered tourism industry, gave people a sense of freedom, allowed people in rural areas to connect, helped create suburbs, encouraged pavement of roads

What were the negative effects of the automobile?

Decreased construction of public transportation, increased accidents, traffic congestion, air pollution

Consumerism

Rising demands for consumer goods, especially luxury items and appliances

What were the causes of consumerism?

Increase wages, mass production of goods, relatively low cost of living, increasing access to electricity, people could buy on credit (installment payments)

How does advertising change in the 1920s?

Technology enables wide-spread color print ads. Advertising became a BIG business. Companies sponsored radio programs and advertisements (Soap Operas Serials)

Middletown (1924)

Published sociological study on the typical American town by Robert and Helen Lynd. Pioneered the use of social surveys. Noted the impact auto and modern convenience had on American family

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Buying on Margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest.

Excessive Use of Credit

A belief of both consumers and business that the economic boom was permanent led to increased installment buying.

Overproduction

a situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand.

Federal Reserve

the central banking system of the United States.

Stock Market Crash

October 29, 1929

Unemployment

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Business Failures

during this economic climate, the demands for goods decreased; as prices fell, factories closed & workers lost their jobs

Herbert Hoover

Republican who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. 31st President.

Self-Reliance

Hoover was afraid that government assistance in the great depression would destroy people's self-reliance.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

raised taxes on imports but worsened the Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Bonus March

Event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the U.S army; increased the public perception that the Hoover administration cared little about the poor.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Three R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people.

Public Works Administration

1933; set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

Glass-Steagall Act

the 1933 law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect individuals' bank accounts.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Federal Housing Administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor -management relations.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.

Election of 1936

1) Roosevelt (D) vs. Alfred E. Landon 2) Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying every state except Maine and Vermont

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage

Courtpacking

Roosevelt's plan to appoint new justices into the Supreme Court; Gaining supreme court approval of new deal legislation

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Okies

Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.

Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America.

Recession of 1937-1938

FDR believed the depression was easing - scaled back relief programs, stock market crashed again.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.